Antivirüs Kentlerin Planlanmasında Yavaş Kent Yaklaşımı

Tarih boyunca toplumları etkileyen deprem, sel, kuraklık, salgın, savaş gibi afetler toplumların yaşama mekanları olan kentlerin değişmesi ve dönüşmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu değişim kentlerin nasıl daha yaşanabilir ve dirençli olabileceğine dair travma sonrası ortaya çıkan kentleşme yaklaşımlarını beraberinde getirmiştir. Son dönemde tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 salgınının boyutu, kapsamı ve hızı kentlerin derin bir dönüşüm sürecine girmesine neden olmakta ve sürdürülebilir, simbiyotik kentsel gelişimler hakkında temel sorunları ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu sorunlara çözüm olarak antivirüs destekli paradigma tabanlı bir yaklaşım geliştirmek gereklidir. Çalışma kapsamında bu yaklaşım salgının kent ve kentsel tasarım üzerinde potansiyel risklerini azaltmak ve yayılımını durdurmak için önerilen “Antivirüs kent” kavramının oluşumuna temel teşkil etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda 1980'lerde hem kentsel hem de sosyal bir hareket olarak ortaya çıkan “Yavaş Kent” hareketi ile, “Antivirüs kent”yaklaşımına, alternatif bir kent modeli oluşturmak adına ortak nitelikler ve ilkeler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Literatürle yapılandırılmış bu çalışma, salgın sonrasında geleceğin kent stratejileri olarak önerilen Antivirüs kentlerin oluşumunda Yavaş Kent kriterlerinin büyük oranda uygun olduğunu göstermektedir. Böylece, Covid-19 salgını sonrası sağlıklı kent yaşamında geliştirilecek yeni önerilere rehberlik edebilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

covid-19, antivirüs kentler, yavaş kent, kentsel planlama

Slow City Approach in Planning Antivirus Cities

Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, pandemics, and wars, which have affected societies throughout history, have led to the change and cities' transformation, which are living spaces. This change has brought with its studies on how cities can be more livable and resilient. The size, scope, and speed of the Covid-19 pandemic, which has recently affected the whole world, causes cities to enter a deep transformation process. As a solution to these problems, it is necessary to develop an antivirus-supported approach. The study’ scope, this approach offers various suggestions to reduce the potential risks of the pandemic on the city and urban design and to stop its spread. With the "Slow City" that emerged as both an urban and a social movement in the 1980s, common characteristics and principles were tried to be determined for creating an alternative city model to the "Antivirus city" approach. Constructed with the literature, Antivirus, which is suggested as the city strategies of the future after the pandemic, shows that the Slow City criteria are largely appropriate in the formation of cities. Thus, it will be able to guide new proposals to be developed in healthy urban life after the Covid-19 pandemic.

Keywords:

Covid-19, Antivirus city, Slow city, urban planning,

PDF

___

Ahlefeldt, F. (2020). Antivirus architecture as urban design. 24 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://fritsahlefeldt.com/2020/04/28/antivirus-architecture-as-urban- design/ adresinden erişildi.
Alraouf, A.A. (2021), "The new normal or the forgotten normal: contesting COVID-19 impact on contemporary architecture and urbanism", Archnet-IJAR,14(3),1-22.
Allam, Z. ve Jones, D. S. (2020). Pandemic stricken cities on lockdown. Where are our planning and design professionals [now, then and into the future]?. Land use policy, 97, 1-5.
Allam, Z. ve Jones, D. S. (2021). Future (post-COVID) digital, smart and sustainable cities in the wake of 6G: Digital twins, immersive realities and new urban economies. Land use policy, 101, 105201.
Batty, M., (2014). The new science of cities.Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Belli, A. ve Aydın, A. (2016). Dünya sağlık örgütü sağlıklı kent projesi kapsamında Aksaray belediyesinin değerlendirilmesi, I. Uluslararası Aksaray Sempozyumu, 27-29 Ekim 2016, Aksaray.
Bettaieb, D. M., Alsabban, R. (2020). Emerging living styles post-COVID-19: housing flexibility as a fundamental requirement for apartments in Jeddah. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research,1-23.
Bibri, S. E., Krogstie, J. (2017). Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustainable cities and society, 31, 183-212.
Bozan, O (2015). Diyarbakır vilayetinde 1894-1895 kolera salgını ve etkileri. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları,218, 219-240.
Brenner, N. ve Schmid, C. (2015). Towards A new epistemology of the urban?. City, 19(2-3), 151-182.
Cansaran, D. (2018). Küreselleşmeye aykırı bir yaşam biçimi “Sakin Kentler”: Seferihisar örneği. İdealkent, 9(25), 885-908.
Capolongo, S., Rebecchi, A., Buffoli, M., Appolloni, L., Signorelli, C., Fara, G. M.ve D’Alessandro, D. (2020). COVID-19 and cities: From urban health strategies to the pandemic challenge. A decalogue of public health opportunities. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 91(2), 13-22.
Cittaslow International, (2021).How to become. 28 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.cittaslow.org/content /association adresinden erişildi.
Comune di Milano (2020). Milano 2020. 4 Şubat tarihinde https://www.comune.milano.it/aree-tematiche /partecipazione/milano-2020 adresinden erişildi.
Connolly, C., Ali, S. H. ve Keil, R. (2020). On the relationships between COVID-19 and extended urbanization. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 213-216.
Dietz, L., Horve, P. F., Coil, D. A., Fretz, M., Eisen, J. A. ve Van Den Wymelenberg, K. (2020). 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: built environment considerations to reduce transmission. Msystems, 5(2),1-15.
Ellin, N. (1999). Postmodern urbanism. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Eltarabily, S. ve Elghezanwy, D. (2020). Post-pandemic cities-the impact of COVID-19 on cities and urban design. Architecture Research, 10(3), 75-84.
Ghosh, R. (2020). Re-Thinking the city urban experience and the Covid-19 pandemic. 26 Ocak 2021 tarihinde www.versobooks.com/blogs/ 4648-rethinking-the-city-urban-experience-and-the-covid-19-pandemic adresinden erişildi.
Gilani, G., Turker, O.O. (2020). Assessing flexibility in real estate mass housing. Arquitetura Revista, 16 (1), 154-175.
Google (2021). COVID-19 Topluluk Hareket Raporu. 6 Şubat 2021 tarihinde https://www.gstatic.com/covid19 /mobility/2021-01-31_TR_%C4%B0stanbul_Mobility_Report_tr.pdf adresinden erişildi.
Hamidi, S., Sabouri, S. ve Ewing, R. (2020). Does density aggravate the COVID-19 pandemic? Early findings and lessons for planners. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(4), 495-509.
Hassanzadeh-Rad, A. ve Halabchi, F. (2020). Stadiums as possible hot spots for covid-19 Spread. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(2). doi: doi: 10.5812/asjsm.103178.
Hayward, A. C., Beale, S., Johnson, A. M., Fragaszy, E. B. ve Group, F. W. (2020). Public activities preceding the onset of acute respiratory infection syndromes in adults in England-implications for the use of social distancing to control pandemic respiratory infections. Wellcome open research, 5, 1-10.
Hawkins, A. J. (2020). Uber and Lyft generate 70 percent more pollution than trips they displace: study, Union of Concerned Scientists recommends more electric cars and pooled trips. 6 Şubat 2021 tarihinde https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/25/21152512/uber-lyft-climate-change-emissions-pollution-ucs-study adresinden erişildi.
Huber, V. (2006). The unification of the globe by disease? The International Sanitary Conferences on Cholera, 1851- 1894. The Historical Journal, 49,pp. 453-476.
Honey-RosesIsabelle, J., Anguelovski, I. ve Bohigas, J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions–design, perceptions and in-equities. Cities and Health, 1-17.
Keleş, R. (1980). Kent terimleri sözlüğü. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
Kemnitz, G. (1997). Wie macht man nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung akzeptabel? (Stadt mit Zukunft, 6.Forum der LpB 21. – 23, pp. 113–117). März Haus auf der Alb, Bad Urach, Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden- Württemberg.
Kindervag, J. (2020). Cybersecurity lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. 24 Ocak 2021 tarihinde www.securityroundtable.org/cybersecurity-lessons-from- the-coronavirus/ adresinden erişildi.
Khatoun, R., Zeadally, S. (2016). Smart cities: concepts, architectures, research opportunities. Communications of the ACM, 59(8), 46-57.
Knox, P.L. (2005). Creating ordinary places: slow cities in a fast world. Journal of Urban Design, 10, 1-11
Kunzmann, K. R. (2020). Smart cities after covid-19: Ten narratives. disP - The Planning Review, 56 (2), 20-31.
Lee, V. J., Ho, M., Kai, C. W., Aguilera, X., Heymann, D. ve Wilder-Smith, A. (2020). Epidemic preparedness in urban settings: new challenges and opportunities. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 527-529.
LePan, N. ve M. Routley. (2020). Visualizing the History of Pandemics. Visual Capitalist, COVID-19. 24 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/ adresinden erişildi.
Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., ... ,Feng, Z. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England journal of medicine, 382(13),1199-1207.
Liu, L. (2020). Emerging study on the transmission of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) from urban perspective: Evidence from China. Cities, 103, 102759, 1-11.
Lubell, S. (2020). Commentary: Past pandemics changed the design of cities. Six ways covid-19 could do the same. 25 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-04-22/coronavirus- pandemics-architecture-urban-design adresinden erişildi.
Mayer, H. ve Knox, P. L. (2006). Slow cities: sustainable places in a fast world. Journal of urban affairs, 28(4), 321-334.
Megahed, N. A. ve Ghoneim, E. M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from Covid-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102350,1-9.
Miele, M. (2008). Cittáslow: Producing slowness against the fast life. Space and Polity, 12, 135-156.
Mishra, S.V., Gayen, A. ve Haque, S.M. (2020). COVID-19 and urban vulnerability in India. Habitat International, Vol. 103, 102230,1-11.
Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2020). Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; a review of the current evidence. Environment International, 140, 105661.
NOVA (2020). History of Quarantine. 24 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid /quarantine.html adresinden erişildi.
Null, S. ve Smith, H. (2020). COVID-19 could affect cities for years: Here are 4 ways they’re coping now. TheCityFix: World Resource Institute (WRI). 6 Şubat 2021 tarihinde https://thecityfix.com/blog/covid-19-affect- cities-years-4-ways-theyre-coping-now-schuyler-null-hillary-smith/ adresinden erişildi.
Özden, K. ve Özmat, M. (2014). Salgın ve kent: 1347 veba salgınının Avrupa’da sosyal, politik ve ekonomik sonuçları. İdealkent, 5(12), 60-87.
Panzac, D. (2011). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda veba. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
Park, R. E. (1915), The city: Suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the city evironment, The American Journal of Sociology, vol. 20, 5, 577-612.
Paris en Commun (2020). Le Programme D’anne Hidalgo. 4 Şubat tarihinde https://annehidalgo2020.com/le- programme/ adresinden erişildi.
Ratho, A. ve John, P. L. (2020). Rethinking Cities in a Post-COVID19 World. 1 Şubat 2021 tarihinde www.orfonline.org/research/rethinking-cities-in-a-post-covid19-world-68736/ adresinden erişildi.
Rueda, S. (2019). Superblocks for the design of new cities and renovation of existing ones: Barcelona’s case. Mark Nieuwenhuijsen and Haneen Khreis (Edt.), in Integrating human health into urban and transport planning (ss. 135-153). Switzerland: Springer, Cham.
Salama, A. M. (2020). Coronavirus questions that will not go away: interrogating urban and socio-spatial implications of COVID-19 measures. Emerald Open Research, 2,1-16.
Sassen, S. (2020). The city and The Vırus. 24 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.iberdrola.com/shapes- en/saskia-sassen-crisis-coronavirus adresinden erişildi.
Sharifi, A. (2020). Urban resilience assessment: mapping knowledge structure and trends. Sustainability, 12(15), 1-20.
Sinha, M. ve diğ. (2020). Towards mental health friendly cities during and after COVID-19. Cities & Health, 1-4.
Şeker, M., Özer, A. ve Korkut, C. (Ed.). (2020). Küresel salgının anatomisi: İnsan ve toplumun geleceği. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, Ankara.
United Nations,(2001). A Globalizing World Global Report On Human Settlements. 17 Ocak 2021 tarihinde www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/ Cities_in_a_globalizing_world_2001.pdf adresinden erişildi.
United Nations, (2019). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights. 17 Ocak 2021 tarihinde www. un.org/ en/development/desa/population/ publications/ pdf/ ageing/ worldpopulationageing2019 -highlights.pdf adresinden erişildi.
United Nations, (2020). Hedef 11: Şehirleri Kapsayıcı, Güvenli, Dayanıklı ve Sürdürülebilir Yapın. 1 Şubat 2021 tarihinde https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/ adresinden erişildi.
Tanyeli, U. (2017). Yıkarak yapmak, anarşist bir mimarlık kuramı için altlık, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
Tekeli, İ. (2020). Salgınlar ve kentler sarmalında dünyanın geldiği nokta: Covid-19. Ö. F. Çolak (Der.), Salgın ekonomisi içinde (ss. 53-88). Ankara: Efil Yayınevi Yayınları.
Varlık, N. (2012). Tâun. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. (Cilt. 40, ss. 175-177). İstanbul.
Wheeler, S.M. (2004). Planning for sustainability: Creating livable, equitable, and ecological communities. New York: Routledge.
White, S. (2013). Osmanlı’da isyan iklimi erken modern dönemde Celâli İsyanları. N. Elhüseyni (Çev.). İstanbul: Melisa matbaacılık.
WHO (2020). Coronavirus disease pandemic. 10 Şubat 2021 tarihinde www.who.int/emergencies/diseases /novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance adresinde erişildi.

ISSN: 1307-9905
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
Başlangıç: 2010
Yayıncı: ADAMOR Araştırma Danışmanlık Medya Organizasyon Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti.