Hakimlerin Belirlenmesinde “Merit Selection” Yöntemi

Hakimlerin belirlenmesinde başvurulan yöntemin ne olduğu demokratik bir toplumdaki en önemli meselelerden birisidir. Günümüzde birçok farklı ülkede çok çeşitli yöntemler uygulanmaktadır. Ancak çeşitlilik konusunda en dikkat çeken ülkenin ABD olduğuna hiç şüphe yoktur. Bu çeşitliliğin altında yatan temel neden ise, ABD’de yargı bağımsızlığı ilkesinin, yargıçların halka hesapverirliği ile birlikte ele alınıyor olmasıdır. ABD’de hakimlerin belirlenmesine yönelik 200 yılı aşkın bir süredir devam eden tartışmaların ve arayışların odağındaki soru, yargı bağımsızlığı ile yargıçların halka hesapverirliğini dengeli bir biçimde sağlayacak bir sistemin nasıl yaratılabileceğidir. Bu ikiyüz yıllık süreçte dört temel yöntem geliştirilmiştir: siyasal atama, partizan seçim, partisiz seçim ve merit selection. Merit selection yöntemi atama ve seçim yöntemlerinin olumlu yönlerini birleştirip, olumsuz yönlerini elemine etmeyi amaçlayan bir yöntemdir. Hakimlerin halka hesapverir kılınması amacından ödün vermeden ama aynı zamanda yargı bağımsızlığını da yok etmeden hakimlerin belirlenmesini amaçlar.

“Merit Selection” of Judges

The method of the selection of judges is one of the most important issues in a democratic society. Today, many different countries apply different kinds of methods to select their judges. The most conspicuous country in the world, however, in terms of the variety of methods of selection, is the USA. The underlying reason for this variety is that judicial independence has been discussed mostly along with judicial accountability in the USA. The question at the heart of the search and discussion on going for almost two centuries is the issue of creating a system which balances judicial independence and judicial accountability. Four main methods have been developed in this 200-year period: political appointment, partisan election, nonpartisan election and merit selection. The purpose of merit selection is to bring together positive features of the appointment and the election methods, and to eliminate the negative ones. It aims to select judges neither by giving up judicial accountability nor by destroying the judicial independence.

PDF

___

ALASKA JUDICIAL COUNCIL, http://www.ajc.state.ak.us/, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2018).

ASPIN Larry, “Judicial Retention Election Trends: 1964-2006”, Judicature, Vol.90, No.5, 2007, ss.208-213.

ASPIN Larry, “The 2010 Judicial Retention Elections in Perspective: Continuity and Change from 1964 to 2010”, Judicature, Vol.94, No.5, 2011, ss.218-224.

AUMANN Francis R., “Selection, Tenure, Retirement and Compensation of Judges in Ohio”, University of Cincinnati Law Review, Vol.5, 1931, ss.408-422.

BAM Dmitry, “Voter Ignorance and Judicial Elections”, Kentucky Law Journal, Vol.102, No.3, 2013-2014, ss.553-599.

BARRANCO A. J., “Don’t Eliminate the Right to Elect Florida’s Trial Judges”, The Florida Bar News, 15 Ağustos 1999, https://www.floridabar. org/news/tfbnews/? durl=%2FDIVCOM%2FJN%2Fjnnews01. nsf%2FArticles%2FFD7271BB8A92C9A585256B1000783 8A0 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2018)

BARRON David, “Judges: Should They Be Elected or Appointed?”, Wall Builders, Ocak 2001, https://wallbuilders.com/judges-elected-appointed/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2018).

BAUM Lawrence, “Judicial Elections and Judicial Independence: The Voter’s Perspective”, Ohio State Law Journal, Vol.64, 2003, ss.13-41.

BEHRENS Mark A. / SILVERMAN Cary, “The Case For Adopting Apointive Juicial Selection Systems for State Court Judges”, Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol.11, No.2, Bahar 2002, ss.273-360.

BERKSON Larry C., “Judicial selection in the United States: A Special Report”, American Judicature Society, 1999, http://judicialselection.us/ uploads/ documents/Berkson1196091951709.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2018)

BERRY Kate, “How Judicial Elections Impact Criminal Cases”, Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2015.

BIERMAN Luke, “Beyond Merit Selection”, Fordham Urban Law Journal, Vol.29, No.3, 2002, ss.851-872, s.858-859.

BILLS Bronson D., “A Penny for the Court’s Thoughts? The High Price of Judicial Elections”, Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy, Vol.3, No.1, Kış 2008, ss.29-61.

BIRD Frederick L. / RYAN Frances M., The Recall of Public Officers: A Study of the Operation of the Recall in California, New York: The MacMillan Company, 1930.

BOPP James, “The Perils of Merit Selection”, Indiana Law Review, Vol.46, 2013, ss.87-102.

BRIFFAULT Richard, “Judicial Campaign Codes After Republican Party of Minnesota v. White”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol.153, 2004, ss.181-238.

CADY Mark S. / PHELPS Jess R., “Preserving the Delicate Balance Between Judicial Accountability and Independence: Merit Selection in the Post-White World”, Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol.17, 2008, ss.343-381.

CARRINGTON Paul D., “Judicial Independence and Democratic Accountability in Highest State Courts”, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol.61, No.3, Yaz 1998, ss. 79-126.

CAUFIELD Rachel Paine, “How The Pickers Pick: Finding a Set of Best Practices For Judicial Nominating Commissions”, Fordham Urban Law Journal, Vol.34, No.1, 2006, ss.163-202.

CAUFIELD Rachel Paine, “What Makes Merit Selection Different?”, Roger Williams University Law Review, Vol.15, No.3, 2010, ss.765-792.

CECIL Victoria, “Merit Selection and Retention: The Great Compromise? Not Necessarily”, Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association, Vol.39, No.3, 2002, ss.20-28.

CELESTE Mary A., “The Debate over the Selection and Retention of Judges: How Judges Can Ride the Wave”, Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association, Vol.46, 2010, ss.82-100.

CHANDONNET Brendan H., “The Increading Politicization of the American Judiciary: Republican Party of Minnesota v. White and its Effects on Future Judicial Selection in State Courts”, William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol.12, No.2, 2004, ss.577-604.

COLQUITT Joseph A., “Rethinking Judicial Nominating Commissions: Independence, Accountability, and Public Support”, Fordham Urban Law Journal, Vol.34, No.1, 2006, ss.73-124.

CROLEY Steven P., “The Majoritarian Difficulty: Elective Judiciaries and the Rule of Law”, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol.62, 1995, ss.690-794.

DANN B. Michael / HANSEN Randall M., “Judicial Retention Elections”, Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol.34, June 2001, ss.1429-1446.

DOLAN Maura, “Members of High Court Face Ouster Attempt”, Los Angeles Times, 18 Ekim 1998, http://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/18/ news/mn-33924 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.09.2018).

EROL Gonca, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde Geri Çağırma Hakkı, XII Levha Yay., İstanbul, 2017.

ESCOVICZ Sari, Judicial Sekction and Tenure, American Judicature Society, Chicago, 1975.

FINLEY Tillman J., “Judicial Selection in Alaska: Justifications and Proposed Courses of Reform”, Alaska Law Review, Vol.20, No.1, 2003, ss.49-77.

FISCHER Howard, “Groups Campaign For Ouster of Supreme Court Justice”, Arizona Daily Sun, 23 Ekim 2012, http://azdailysun.com/ news/local/state-and-regional/groups-campaign-for-ousterof- supreme-court-justice/article_d372487d-91d3-56ae-a6db- 7a59b81e076d.html (Erişim Tarihi: 04.09.2018).

FITZPATRICK Brian T., “The Politics of Merit Selection”, Missouri Law Review, Vol.74, No.3, 2009, ss.675-709.

GEYH Charles G., “Methods of Judicial Selection and Their Impact on Judicial Independence”, Daedalus, Sonbahar 2008, ss.86-101.

GEYH Charles Gardner, “Why Judicial Elections Stink”, Ohio State Law Journal, Vol.64, 2003, ss.43-63.

GLICK Henry R., “The Promise and the Performance of the Missouri Plan: Judicial Selection in the Fifty States”, University of Miami Law Review, Vol.32, No.3, 1978, ss.509-541.

GOEBEL Thomas, A Government by the People: Direct Democracy in America, 1890-1940, Chapel Hill ve London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

GOLDSCHMIDT Jona, “Merit Selection: Current Status, Procedures, and Issues”, University of Miami Law Review, Vol.49, No.1, Sonbahar 1994, ss.1-123.

GREENSTEIN, Maria N., Handbook for Judicial Nominating Commissioners, 2.bası, American Judicature Society, Des Moines, Indiana, 2004.

GRIMES Samuel Latham, “Without Favor, Denial, or Delay: Will North Carolina Finally Adopt the Merit Selection of Judges”, North Carolina Law Review, Vol.76, No.6, 1998, ss.2266-2329.

HAGER Philip, “No Opposition, Little Notice for 5 State Justices Up for Election”, Los Angeles Times, 4 Kasım 1990, http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-04/news/mn-5654_1_supreme-court-justice (Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018).

HALL Melinda Gann, “Electoral Politics and Strategic Voting in State Supreme Courts”, The Journal of Politics, Vol.54, No.2, 1992, ss.427-446.

HANDBERG Roger, “Judicial Accountability and Independence: Balancing Incompatibles?”, University of Miami Law Review, Vol.49, 1994, ss.127-149.

HAWKINS Scott G., “Perspective on Judicial Merit Retention in Florida”, Florida Law Review, Vol.64, No.5, 2012, ss.1422-1432.

HOTING Shaun, “The Crocodile in the Bathtub: An Examination of California’s System For Judicial Selection”, American University Criminal Law Brief, Vol.4, No.1, 2009, ss.2-15.

HYDE Laurance M., “Missouri Plan for Selection and Tenure of Judges”, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol.39, No.3, 1948, ss.277-287.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON JURISTS, International Principles on the Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and Prosecutors - A Practitioners Guide, International Commission on Jurists, 2.bası, Cenevre, 2007.

IRWIN John F. / REAL Daniel L., “Thoughts About Enriching Judicial Independence by Improving the Retention Vote Phase of Appointive Selection Systems”, Court Review, 2006, ss.60-67.

JOLLY Richard Lorren, “Judges as Politicians: The Enduring Tension of Judicial Elections in the Twenty-First Century”, Notre Dame Law Review Online, Vol.92, No.6, ss.71-86.

KALES Albert M., Unpopular Government in the United States, The University of Chicago Press, Illinois, 1914.

MAY Melissa S., “Judicial Retention Elections After 2010”, Indiana Law Review, Vol.46, 2013, ss.59-86.

McARDLE Andrea, “The Increasingly Fractious Politics of Nonpartisan Judicial Selection: Accountability Challenges to Merit-Based Reform”, Albany Law Review, Vol.75, No.4, 2012, ss.1799-1821.

NAJAM Edward W. Jr., “Merit Selection in Indiana: The Foundation for a Fair and Impartial Appellate Judiciary”, Indiana Law Review, Vol.46, 2013, ss.15-38.

O’BRIEN David, “The Politics of Judicial Selection and Appointments in Japan and Ten South and Southeast Asian Countries”, İçinde: Kate Malleson ve Peter Russell (ed.), Appointing Judges in the Age of Judicial Power: Critical Perspectives, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2006, ss.355-374.

O’CONNOR Sandra Day / JONES RonNell Andersen, “Reflections on Arizona’s Judicial Selection Process”, Arizona Law Review, Vol.50, 2008, ss.15-24.

OLDER Fremont, My Own Story, New York: The MacMillan Company, 1926. OLIN Spencer C., California’s Prodigal Sons: Hiram Johnson and the Progressives, 1911-1917, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968.

OLSZEWSKI Peter Paul Sr., “Who’s Judging Whom? Why Popular Elections Are Preferable to Merit Selection Systems”, Penn State Law Review, Vol.1, 2004, ss.1-16.

PERI Antonina, “Judicial Independence vs. Judicial Accountability. Judicial Selection For Constitutional Courts. A Comparative Analysis”, Comparative Law Review, Vol.3, No.1, 2012, ss.1-30.

PHILLIPS Thomas R., “Electoral Accountability and Judicial Independence”, Ohio State Law Journal, Vol.64, No.1, 2003, ss.137-147.

PITT David, “Iowa Justices Who Decided Gay Marriage Face Retention Vote”, LGBTQ Nation, 30 Ekim 2016, http://www.lgbtqnation. com/2016/10/iowa-justices-decided-gay-marriage-faceretention- vote/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.09.2018).

POUND Roscoe, “The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice”, Crime & Delinquency, Vol.10, No.4, ss.355-371.

SANDERSON John, Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of the Independence, J. Maxwell Printer, Philapdelphia, 1827.

SCHLEICHER David, “Informing Consent: Voter Ignorance, Political Parties, and Election Law”, University of Illinois Law Review, Vol.2013, No.2, 2013, ss.363-432.

SCHMIDT Ted A., “Merit Selection of Judges Under Attack Without Merits” Arizona Attorney, Şubat 2006, ss.13-20.

SKAGGS Adam / DA SILVA Maria / CASEY Linda vd., The New Politics of Judicial Elections 2009-10, Justice at Stake Campaign, New York, 2011.

SPIVAK Joshua, “California’s Recall - Adoption of the ‘Grand Bounce’ for Elected Officals” California History, Vol.81, No.2, 2004, ss.20-37.

STREB Matthew J., “The Study of Judicial Elections”, İçinde: Matthew J. Streb (ed.), Running for Judge: The Rising Political, Financial and Legal Stakes of Judicial Elections, New York University Press, New York and London, 2007, ss.1-14.

SULZBERGER A. G., “Ouster of Iowa Judges Sends Signal to Bench”, The New York Times, 3 Kasım 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/04/us/politics/ 04judges.html (Erişim Tarihi: 04.09.2018).

TALLIAN Lauran, Direct Democracy An Historical Analysis of the Initiative, Referendum and Recall Process, Los Angeles: People’s Lobby Inc., 1977.

TARR G. Alan, “Do Retention Elections Work?”, Missouri Law Review, Vol.74, 2009, ss.605-633.

THE COMMISSION ON JUDICIAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW Resmi Websitesi, https://www.azcourts.gov/jpr/About-JPR/JPR-Process (Erişim Tarihi: 21.08.2018)

TOKARZ Karen, “Women Judges and Merit Selection Under the Missouri Plan”, Washington University Law Quarterly, Vol.64, No.3, 1986, ss.903-951.

UELMAN Gerald F., “Crocodiles in the Bathtub: Maintaining the Independence of State Supreme Courts in an Era of Judicial Politicization”, Notre Dame Law Review, Vol.72, No.4, 1997, ss.1133-1153.

UTAH JUDICIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION COMMISSION Resmi Websitesi, https://judges.utah.gov/process/full-time-evaluationdetails/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2018).

ÜNAL Şeref, “Yargı Bağımsızlığı”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 37, Sayı 3, Eylül 2004, ss.63-81.

VANDERBILT Arthur T., The Challenge of Law Reform, Princeton University Press, 2.bası, 1955.

WARRICK Lyle, Judicial Selection in the United States: A Compendium of Provisions, American Judicature Society, 2nd Ed., Chicago, 1993.

WEBSTER Peter D., “Selection and Retention of Judges: Is There One “Best” Method?”, Florida State University Law Review, Vol.23, No.1, 1995, ss.1-42.

REDDICK Malia / KOURLIS Rebecca Love, “Judicial Performance Evaluation”, İçinde: Peter Koelling (ed.), The Improvement of the Administration of Justice, 8.bası, ss.155-178.

ZACCARI Laura, “Judicial Elections: Recent Developments, Historical Perspective and Continued Viability”, Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest, Vol.8, No.1, Yaz 2004, ss.138-156.