Siyasetin Yargısallaşmasının Hükümet Sistemine Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Moldova’nın Anayasal Zaman Yolculuğu

Karşılaştırmalı hukuk birçok anayasal meselede her geçen gün farklı bir bakış açısı elde edebilmeyi mümkün kılmakta, dünyada yaşanan güncel anayasal gelişmeler daha önce üzerinde pek durulmayan analizlere kapı aralamaktadır. Bunlardan biri de siyasetin yargısallaşması olgusu ile hükümet sistemleri arasındaki ilişkide görülebilir. Anayasa hukuku doktrininde genellikle siyasetin yargısallaşmasının anayasal haklar rejimi üzerindeki sonuçları üzerine yoğun bir birikim görülmektedir. Oysa yargısal bir uyuşmazlığın konusu haline gelen siyasi sorunlar, kurumsal anayasa hukuku alanında da sonuç yaratmaktadır. Bu bakımdan Moldova deyim yerindeyse bir anayasa hukuku laboratuvarı sunmaktadır. Bağımsızlığını ilan ettiği ilk günden beri Moldova, esasen siyasal elitlerin iktidar yarışının yön verdiği bir hükümet sistemi kriziyle mücadele etmektedir. Ancak bu kriz, Moldova Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2016’da verdiği beklenmeyen bir kararla bir kez daha ama bu sefer farklı bir boyutla pekişmiştir. Moldova Anayasa Mahkemesi ülkenin bağımsızlık sonrası benimsediği yarı-başkanlık hükümet sistemini saf parlamenter sistem ile değiştiren 2000 tarihli anayasa değişikliğini iptal etmiş, bununla da kalmayıp adeta zamanda yolculuk yaparak anayasanın iptal edilen değişiklik öncesi hükümlerini tekrar yürürlüğe koymuştur. Böylece ülkenin hükümet sistemi bir kez daha yarı-başkanlığa doğru yön değiştirmiştir. Bu yönüyle Moldova’nın anayasal zaman yolculuğu, yargısal denetimin hükümet sistemini nasıl etkileyebileceği sorununu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışma Moldova örneğinden hareketle bu soruna ne tür cevaplar verilebileceğini ele almaktadır.

A Review on the Impact of Judicialization of Politics on Government System: Constitutional Time Travel of Moldova

Comparative law makes it possible to acquire a different perspective from day to day on many constitutional issues, and the current world-wide constitutional developments are opening doors to analyzes that have not been emphasized before. One of these can be seen in the relation between judicialization of politics and government systems. In the constitutional law doctrine, there is usually a great accumulation of conclusions with regard to the effects of judicialization of politics in terms of constitutional rights. However, the political problems that have become the subject of a judicial dispute are also creating results in the field of institutional constitutional law. In this regard, Moldova offers, so to speak, a constitutional law laboratory. Since the first day of declaring independence, Moldova has been struggling with a crisis of the government system, which is mainly directed by the political elite’s power struggle. This crisis has been reinforced once again due to an unexpected decision of the Moldovan Constitutional Court in 2016, but this time with a different dimension. The Moldovan Constitutional Court annulled the 2000 constitutional amendments, which had replaced the semi-presidential government system adopted after the independence with a pure parliamentary system, but also ordered that pre-amendment provisions of the Constitution shall be inforce again through kind of a time travel. Thus the government system of the country once again changed its direction towards the semi-presidency. In this regard, Moldova’s constitutional time travel has raised the question of how judicial review can affect the government systems. This study addresses what kind of answers can be given to this problem by focusing on Moldova.

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