Zahir KIZMAZ

Modernleşme ve suç: Kuramsal açıdan bir bakış

Günümüzde gerek gelişmiş gerekse de gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki suç oranlarını ve örüntülerini, toplumların modernleşme süreçlerinden bağımsız olarak ele almak mümkün değildir. Bu çalışmada modernleşme ve suç arasında nasıl bir ilişkinin olduğu, modernleşmenin suç oranlarını arttırıp artırmadığı, suç oranlarının artması veya azalmasında modernleşmeye ilişkin hangi dinamiklerin etkili olduğu gibi konular irdelenecektir. Modernleşme ve suç arasındaki ilişki dört temel kuramsal yaklaşım başlığı altında ele alınabilir. İlk yaklaşım, Durkheim tarafından geliştirilen modernleşme perspektifidir. Modernleşme perspektifi, hızlı ve köklü sosyal değişmelerin toplumsal alanda bazı patolojik sonuçlar (değerlerin zayıflaması, bireyselleşme, yalnızlaşma, yabancılaşma, anomi ve toplumsal bunalımlar gibi) ürettiğini ileri sürmektedir. İkinci yaklaşım ise suç ve suçluluğu, ekonomik yoksunluk, emeğin sömürülmesi ve giderek artan ekonomik eşitsizliklerin sonucu olarak gören Marksist yaklaşımdır. Üçüncü perspektif ise, Elias tarafından ileri sürülen uygarlaşma teorisidir. Bu teoriye göre, toplum modernleştikçe, ekonomik gelişme ve refahın artması ile birlikte bireylerarasında yaşanan şiddet olayları azalmaktadır. Bir anlamda bu tez, modernleşme ile birlikte şiddet suçlarında bir azalmanın olabileceğini (mala yönelik suçlar için değil) ileri sürmektedir. Son olarak dördüncü yaklaşım ise, fırsat ve rasyonel teorilerdir. Bu kuramlar da suç oranlarındaki artışı, modernleşme süreci ile birlikte bireylerin gündelik yaşam alanlarında veya bireylerin rutin aktivitelerinde meydana gelen değişmelerin sonucu olarak görmektedir

Modernization and crime: An overview of theoretical perspective

Today, both in developed and developing countries, it is not possible to deal with the rates and patterns of crime, independent of the society s processes of modernization. In this study, some issues will be pointed out such as, how is the relationship between modernization and crime, if modernization increased the crimes rate or not, which dynamics of modernization have influence increasing or decreasing the rates of crime. The relationship between modernization and crime can be handled with four main theoretical approaches. The first approach is the traditional perspective, improved by Durkheim. Durkheim's modernization perspective is assert that, the rapid and rooted social changes produce some pathological results in social life (e.g.,weaking of the values, individualism, isolation, estrangement, anomie and social crises). The second approach is the Marxist approach which seen the crime and criminality, as a result of the economic deprivation, exploitation of labor and the result of growing economic inequalities. The third perspective is the theory of civilization, put forward by Elias. According to this theory, because of economic growing and increasing in welfare, incidents of violence are decreasing, which is between individuals with modernization of the society. In a sense, this thesis is hypothesizes that, there may be a reduction in crimes of violence (not for crimes which is against property),with modernization. Finally, the fourth approach is the opportunity and rational theories. These theories see the increase of the crime rates as a result of changing the individuals daily life or their routine activities with the process of modernization.

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