Periferal Dolaşımdaki T Helper/T Sitotoksik Hücre Oranının Bazı Hastalıkların Prognozu Üzerine Etkileri

İmmün sistem hücresel bağışıklığın sağlanmasında önemli rol oynayan T lenfositler ve alt tiplerini barındırır. Bunlar hem tıp hem de veteriner hekimlikte çeşitli hastalıkların prognozunu belirlemeye yardım eder. T lenfositlerin periferal dolaşımdaki düzeyleriyle, CD4+/CD8+ oranları birçok hastalıkta incelenmiştir. Özellikle sağlıklı insan ve hayvanlarda CD4+/CD8+ oranının genellikle bire eşit veya birden büyük (≥1) olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu oranın belirtilen değerden düşük çıkmasının, canlının periferal dolaşımındaki T lenfosit dengesinin bozulduğunun, organizmada hastalığa karşı yeterli immün yanıtın verilmediğinin bir göstergesi olarak değerlendirilir. Bu nedenle T lenfosit ve alt tipleri (CD4+, CD8+) ve bunların birbirlerine olan oranlarının (CD4+/CD8+) belirlenmesi çeşitli hastalıkların tanı, tedavi ve hatta iyileşip iyileşmeyeceğinin belirlenmesinde önemli birer kriterdir.

The Effects of T Helper/T Cytotoxic Cell Ratio in the Peripheral Circulation on the Prognosis of Some Diseases

The immune system contains T lymphocytes and their subtypes, which play an important role in providing cellular immunity. They help determining the prognosis of various diseases in both medicine and veterinary medicine. Peripheral circulation levels of T lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ ratios have been studied in many diseases. Especially in healthy humans and animals, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was generally found to be equal to or greater than one (≥1). If this ratio is lower than the specified value, it is considered as an indication that the balance of T lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation of the living thing is disturbed, and that the organism does not give an adequate immune response against the disease. Therefore, the determination of T lymphocyte and its subtypes (CD4+, CD8+) and their ratios to each other (CD4+/CD8+) are important criteria for diagnosis, treatment and even determination of whether various diseases will be cured or not.

PDF

___

1. Alam R . A brief review of the immune system. Prim Care 1998; 25: 727-738.
2. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 8th Edition, Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2014.
3. Songu M, Katılmış H . Enfeksiyondan korunma ve immün sistem. J Med Updates 2012; 2: 31-42.
4. Nicholson LB. The immune system. Essays Biochem 2016; 60: 275-301.
5. Wang Z, Sun Y, Yao W, Ba Q, Wang H. Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 695484.
6. Calder PC. Immunological parameters: What do they mean? J Nutr Biochem 2007; 137: 773S-780S.
7. Kennedy MA. A brief review of the basics of immunology: The innate and adaptive response. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40: 369-379.
8. Mosmann T, Coffman RL. TH1 and TH2 cells: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol 1989; 7: 145- 173.
9. Abbas AK, Murphy KM, Sher A. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 1996;383: 787-793.
10. Abdulmageed M, Omar SA, Madhukar BV. Biology of T Helper Cells and Their Role in Neonatal Infection. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 2017; 12: 147-156.
11. Lim EY, Jackson SE, Wills MR. The CD4+ T cell response to human cytomegalovirus in healthy and immuno-compromised people. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10: 202.
12. Chatzileontiadou DS, Sloane H, Nguyen AT, Gras S, Grant EJ. The many faces of CD4+ T cells: Immunological and structural characteristics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22: 73.
13. Wherry EJ, Teichgräber V, Becker TC, et al. Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets. Nat Immunol 2003;4: 225-234.
14. Ohtsuka H, Koiwa M, Fukuda S, et al. Changes in peripheral leukocyte subsets in dairy cows with inflammatory diseases after calving. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66: 905-909.
15. Rivas AL, Quimby FW, Coksaygan O, Olmstead L, Lein DH. Longitudinal evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood and mammary gland lymphocytes in cows experimentally inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus. Can Vet J 2000; 64: 232.
16. Lu W, Mehraj V, Vyboh K, et al . CD4: CD8 ratio as a frontier marker for clinical outcome, immune dysfunction and viral reservoir size in virologically suppressed HIV‐ positive patients. J Int AIDS Soc 2015; 18: 20052.
17. McBrien JB, Kumar NA, Silvestri G . Mechanisms of CD8+ T cell‐mediated suppression of HIV/SIV replication. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48: 898-914.
18. Dudek K, Bednarek D, Szacawa E, Rosales RS, Ayling, RD. Flow cytometry follow-up analysis of peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations in calves experimentally infected with field isolates of Mycoplasma bovis. Acta Vet Hung 2015; 63: 167-178.
19. Oliveira CD, Larsson CE, de Camargo MM. Longitudinal assessment of T‐lymphocyte subpopulations during generalized demodicosis in dogs and their relationship with remission. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26: 18-22.
20. Majewska A, Gajewska M, Dembele K, et al. Lymphocytic, cytokine and transcriptomic profiles in peripheral blood of dogs with atopic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12: 1-14.
21. Roosje PJ, Van Kooten PJS, Thepen T, et al. Increased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lesional skin of cats with allergic dermatitis. Vet Pathol 1998; 35: 268- 273.
22. Tarpataki N, Terenyi M, Nagy SZ. Changes in the CD4/CD8-positive T lymphocyte ratio in the blood of atopic and non-atopic dogs. Special Issue: 7th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology. July 24–28, 2012, Vancouver, Canada July 2012. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23 Suppl 1: 58.
23. Martins GDC, Júnior OADOM, Botoni LS, et al. Clinical- pathological and immunological biomarkers in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205: 58-64.
24. Viana KF, Aguiar-Soares RDO, Ker HG, et al. Setting the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells co-cultured with canine macrophages infected with Leishmania chagasi. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211: 124-132.
25. Adaszek L, Jarosz L, Kalinowski M, et al. Changes in selected subpopulations of lymphocytes in dogs infected with Babesia canis treated with imidocarb. Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere/Heimtiere 2015; 43: 94-100.
26. Litster A, Lin JM, Nichols J, Weng HY. Diagnostic utility of CD4%: CD8low% T-lymphocyte ratio to differentiate
feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected from FIV- vaccinated cats. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170: 197-205.
27. Hoffmann-Fezer G, Thum J, Ackley C, et al. Decline in CD4+ cell numbers in cats with naturally acquired feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 1992; 66: 1484- 1488.
28. Walker C, Canfield PJ, Love DN.Analysis of leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets for different clinical stages of naturally acquired feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 44: 1-12.
29. Hofmann-Lehmann R, Holznagel E, Ossent P, Lutz H. Parameters of disease progression in long-term experimental feline retrovirus (feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus) infections: Hematology, clinical chemistry, and lymphocyte subsets. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997; 4: 33-42.
30. Baxter KJ, Levy JK, Edinboro CH, Vaden SL, Tompkins MB. Renal disease in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26: 238- 243.
31. Makinodan T, Kay MM. Age influence on the immune system. Adv Immunol 1980; 29: 287-330.
32. Watabe A, Fukumoto S, Komatsu T, Endo Y, Kadosawa T. Alterations of lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy dogs with aging and in dogs with cancer. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142: 189-200.
33. Provinciali M, Moresi R, Donnini A, Lisa RM. Reference values for CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes with naïve or memory phenotype and their association with mortality in the elderly. Gerontology 2009; 55: 314-321.
34. Levine B, Kalman J, Mayer L, Fillit HM, Packer M. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 236-241.
35. Druzhaeva N, Nemec Svete A, Ihan A, et al. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subtypes in dogs with different stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35: 2112-2122.
36. Farabaugh AE, Freeman LM, Rush JE, George, KL. Lymphocyte subpopulations and hematologic variables in dogs with congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18: 505-509.
37. Rioja LF, Alonso P, De Haro J, De la Cruz J. Prognostic value of the CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio in moderately burned patients. Burns 1993; 19: 198-201.
38. Chen X, Ye J, Ye J. Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and prognosis in patients with septic shock. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55: 736-742.
39. Yang X, Ren H, Sun Y, et al. Prognostic significance of CD4/CD8 ratio in patients with breast cancer. Int J Clin Exp Patho 2017; 10: 4787-4793.
40. Syrjälä H, Surcel HM, Ilonen J. Low CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte ratio in acute myocardial infarction. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 83: 326-328.
41. Kojima K, Maruyama K, Inaba T, et al. The CD4/CD8 ratio in vitreous fluid is of high diagnostic value in sarcoidosis. Ophthalmology 2012; 119: 2386-2392.