Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği, BİT, ve kurumsal altyapı: Dinamik panel veri analizi

Bu çalışmanın amacı toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri (BİT) ve kurumsal yapı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışma toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği üzerinde BİT ve kurumsal yapının etkisini ve BİT ve kurumsal yapının karşılıklı etkileşiminin bu etkiyi nasıl değiştirdiğini analiz etmektedir. Dinamik panel genelleştirilmiş beklentiler yöntemi tahmincisini ve 209 ülke için 2000-2010 dönemini kapsayan bir panel veri setini kullanarak hem BİT hem de kurumsal altyapının toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği üzerinde önemli pozitif etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Daha da önemlisi daha ileri BİT ve daha iyi kurumsal altyapı birleşiminin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği üzerinde bunların ayrı ayrı etkilerinden bağımsız ve bunlara ek olarak karşılıklı etkileşimden kaynaklanan bir etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur

On the gender gap, ICT and institutional and social infrastructure: A dynamic panel data analysis

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between gender gap, information communication technology (ICT), and institutional and social infrastructure. The study analyzes how the ICT interacts with social and institutional infrastructure to impact the gender equality. Using a panel dataset for 209 countries covering the period from 2000 to 2010 and dynamic panel generalized method of moments estimation (GMM), the paper finds that both ICT and institutional infrastructure have significant positive effect on gender equality. More importantly, combination of better ICT and institutional quality exerts an independent influence on gender equality, over and above any influence each of these two variables may separately have.

___

  • ANDERSON, TW and HSIAO, Cheng; (1982), “Formulation and estimation of dynamic models using panel data”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 578–606.
  • ARELLANO, Manuel. and BOND, Stephen; (1991), “Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations”, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 58 No.2, pp.277–297.
  • ARUN Shoba., HEEKS Richard., and Morgan Sharon; (2004), ICT Initiatives, Women and Work in Developing Countries: Reinforcing or Changing Gender Inequalities in South India?, Development Informatics Working Paper Series, Paper No.20, University of Manchester, Institute for Development Policy and Management, http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/research/ publications/wp/di/documents/di_wp20.pdf.
  • AVRUPA KOMİSYONU; (2004), Widening Women’s Work in Information and Communication Technology, http://www.iiav.nl/ epublications/2004/wideningwomenswork.pdf
  • BARRO, Robert J. and LEE Jong-Wha; (1994), Sources of Economic Growth, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, volume 40, pp.1-46.
  • BARRO, Robert J. and LEE Jong-Wha; (2001), “International data on educational attainment: updates and implications.” Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 3, pp. 541-563.
  • BLUNDELL, Richard and BOND, Stephen; (1998), “Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 87 No.1, pp.115–143.
  • BRANISA Boris, and KLASEN Stephan, and ZIEGLER Maria; (2010), Why we should all care about social institutions related to gender inequality, Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Hannover, Research Committee Development Economics, No.50, http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/ bitstream/10419/39965/1/343_branisa.pdf
  • BRODY Alyson; (2009), “Gender and Governance: Overview Report”, BRIDGE Publication, Institute of Development Studies (IDS), UK, pp.1-75, http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/Governance_ OR_final.pdf
  • CHEEMA G.Shabbir; (2005), Building Democratic Institutions: Governance Reform in Developing Countries, Kumarian press, USA.
  • CHEN, Derek H.C.; (2004), Gender equality and economic development : the role for information and communication technologies, Policy Research Working Paper Series 3285, The World Bank, http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/ 117321/35079_wps3285.pdf
  • COHEN, Daniel and MARCELO Soto (2001), Growth and Human Capital: Good Data, Good Results, Technical Papers No. 179, OECD Development Centre, September, http://soto.iaecsic. org/Text%20Good%20Data.pdf
  • DOLLAR, David and GATTI, Roberta; (1999), Gender Inequality, income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women? Policy Research Report on Gender and Development, Working Paper Series, No. 1, The World Bank, May, http://darp.lse. ac.uk/frankweb/courses/EC501/DG.pdf Dünya Bankası ( 2001).” Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice”. Policy Research Report. Oxford University Press. www.worldbank.org/ gender/prr. Dünya Bankası (2003), “Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals.”, http://www.worldbank.org/gender/gendermdg. pdf Dünya Bankası (2007), “Global Monitoring report 2007: Confronting the Challenges of Gender Equality and Fragile States”, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGLOMONREP2007/ Resources/3413191-1176390231604/1264-FINAL-LO-RES. pdf
  • GAJJALA Radhika and MAMIDIPUDI Annapurna ; (1999), “Cyberfeminism, technology, and international development'', Gender & Development, 7: 2, pp. 8-16
  • GIGLER, Bijörn S.; (2004), Including the excluded Can ICTs empower poor communities? Towards an alternative evaluation framework based on the capability approach, Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on the Capability Approach, 5 7 September 2004, Pavia, http://www-3.unipv.it/ deontica/ca2004/papers/gigler.pdf
  • HICKS, Douglas A.; (2002), “Gender, Discrimination, and Capability: Insights from Amartya Sen ”, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 30, No.1, pp. 137-154.
  • HODGKINSON, L. (2000), “Is Technology Masculine? Theorising the Absence of Women”, IEEE, pp.121-126, http://ieeexplore. ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=00915589
  • KLASEN, Stephan; (1999), Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development? Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions, Policy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper Series, No. 7, the World Bank, November, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/ wp7.pdf
  • KOUTSOURIS, Alex ; (2010), The Emergence of the Intra Rural Digital Divide: A Critical Review of The Adoption of ICTs in Rural Areas and The Farming Community, 9th European IFSA Symposium, 4 7 July 2010, Vienna, Austria, http:// ifsa.boku.ac.at/cms/fileadmin/Proceeding2010/2010_WS1.1_ Koutsouris.pdf
  • JALAVA J., POHJOLA M.; (2002), “Economic Growth in the New Economy: Evidence From Advanced economies”, Information Economics and Policy 14, pp. 189–210
  • LAGESEN Vivian A.; (2008), “A Cyberfeminist Utopia? Perceptions of Gender and Computer Science among Malaysian Women Computer Science Students and Faculty”, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Volume 33, Issue 1, pp.5-27
  • LOHAN, Maria, FAULKNER, Wendy; (2004), “Masculunities and Technologies”, Men and Masculinities (Sage Publications), Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 319-329
  • MADON, Shirin; (2000), “The Internet and Socioeconomic Development:Exploring the Interaction”, Information Technology and People, (13:2), pp. 85-101
  • MANDOUR, Dina A.; (2009), Impact of ICT on Gender Gap in Egypt, SRC/CIDA Research Program on Gender and Work, Working Papers Series No.4, http://www1.aucegypt.edu/src/ wsite1/pdfs/rewebsite_cida/Dina_No4.pdf
  • NUSSBAUM, Martha; (2000), “Women’s Capabilities and Social Justice”, Journal of Human Development, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 219-247
  • OECD; (2010), “OECD Information Technology Outlook 2010”, http://www.oecd.org/document/20/0,3746, en_2649_33757_41892820_1_1_1_1,00.html Prügl, Elisabeth; (2004), “International Institutions and Feminist Politics”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Volume X, Issue 2, pp.69-84
  • RAO, Aruna and KELLEHER, David; (2003), “Institutions, Oragnisations and Gender Equality in an Era of Globalisation”, Gender and Development, Vol.11, No.1, May
  • SEN, Amartya; (2001), “Gender: Seven Types of Inequality”, Human Rights Vision Issue No 22 December 08.
  • SEN, Amartya; (2005), “Human Rights and Capabilities”, Journal of Human Development, Vol.6, No.2, pp.151-166 SHIRAZI, Farid; (2008), “The Contribution of ICT to Freedom and Democracy: An Empirical Analysis of Archival Data on the Middle East”, The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, No. 6, pp. 1-24
  • STIROH, Kevin J.; (2002), ”Are ICT Spillovers Driving the New Economy?”, Review of Income and Wealth Series 48, No 1, March 2002, http://center.uvt.nl/staff/smulders/gtlit/stiroh2002.pdf United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (UNDAW) (2002), Information and the Communication Technologies and Their Impact on and Use as an Instrument for the Advancement and Empowerment of Women, Report of the Expert Group Meeting (EGM), Seoul, Korea. http://www.un.org/ womenwatch/daw/egm/ict2002/reports/EGMFinalReport.pdf Wajcman J. (2009), “Feminist theories of technology”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1 of 10, doi:10.1093/cje/ben057,