Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Paradigmasının Doğa Dostu Görünümlü Yeni Araçları: ‘Döngüsel Ekonomi’ Söylemi ve‘Sıfır Atık’Projesi

II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası ulus devlet temelli dünya sisteminin hakim ideolojisi olan kalkınma paradigması, 1960-1970’li yıllarda büyüme güdümlü kapitalizme içkin toplumsal krizlerin yaygınlaşması ve ekolojik krizlerin görünür olmaya başlamasıyla birlikte yoğun eleştirilerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Kapitalizmin doğal ekosistemler üzerinde yarattığı yıkım ve sistemin insan hayatının dayandığı kaynakları tüketme sınırına ulaşması,‘sürdürülebilirlik’ söylemiyle kalkınma paradigmasını yeniden canlandırma ve güçlendirme arayışını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu arayış doğrultusunda uluslararası devlet kuruluşlarınca organize edilen konferanslar, eylem planları ve raporlar aracılığıyla tarihsel süreçte farklılaşan çeşitli kavramlar, politika önerileri, araçlar ve uygulamalar ileri sürülmüştür. ‘Sürdürülebilir’lik kisvesi altında çevresel kaygılar ve ekonomik büyümeyi uzlaştırmaya yönelik yinelenen girişimlerin en yenileri ise ‘döngüsel ekonomi’söylemi ve bu söylemin en sofistike araçlarından olan sıfır atık projesidir. Son yıllarda dünya genelinde yoğun bir şekilde tanıtılan sıfır atık döngüsel ekonomi projesi başta Avrupa Komisyonu gibi küresel politika belirleyici kurumlar olmak üzere, çok uluslu şirketler,önde gelen yönetim danışmanlığı şirketleri, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve akademisyenler gibi çeşitli aktörler tarafından büyük ilgi ve destek görmüştür. Bu çalışma, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın savunucuları tarafından kapitalist düzen içinde herhangi bir kayıp ve kalıntı olmaksızın doğa benzeri sürekli yenilenen bir büyüme varsayımıyla ortaya atılan döngüsel ekonomi söylemini ve bu söylemin temel sac ayaklarınından birini oluşturan sıfır atık projesini sorunsallaştırmaktadır. Literatür taraması yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen çalışmada önce döngüsel ekonomi söylemini ve bu söylem doğrultusunda ortaya atılan sıfır atık projesini ortaya çıkaran ekonomik-politik ve tarihsel koşullara yer verilmiştir. Ardından bir birikim rejimi olarak döngüsel ekonomiye, kapitalist üretim biçimine içkin ve aynı zamanda kapitalizmin başa çıkmakta zorlandığı atıkların meta olarak değeri ve atık yönetiminin sermaye açısından taşıdığı anlam sürdürüebilir kalkınma paradigmasıyla ilişkiselliği içinde ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.

New Tools of the Sustainable Development Paradigm with a Green Look: The ‘Circular Economy’ Discourseand‘Zero Waste’ Project

The development paradigm, which was the dominant ideology of the nation-state-based world system after the World War II, faced with intense criticism with the spread of social crises and the emergence of ecological crisis inherent to growt- driven capitalism in the 1960s and the 1970s. The destruction created by capitalism on natural ecosystems and the state of reaching the limit of concuming resources has revealed the pursuit to revitalize and strengthen the development paradigm with the ‘sustainability’ discourse. In line with this pursuit, various concepts, policy recommendations, tools and practices have been put forward, albeit differentiated in the historical process, through conferencees, action plans and reports organizd by international governmental organizations. One of the newest and most sophisticated tools put forward to establish the dominance of the development ideology under the mask of ‘sustainability’ is the ‘circular economy’ discourse and the zero waste project framed in line with this discourse. The zero-waste circular economy project, which has been intensely promoted throughout the world in recent years, has attracted great attention and support from various actors such as global policy-making institutions like the European Commission, multinational companies, leading management consulting companies, non-governmental organizations and academics. This study problematizes the circular economy discourse put forward by the sustainable develepment advocates with the assumption of a nature-like continuous renewal growth without any loss and residue within capitalist order and also the zero waste project which constitutes one of the main pillars of this discourse. In this context, the economical, political and historical conditions that reveal the circular economy discourse were examined with the literature review method. Then, the value of waste as a commodity, which is inherent in the capitalist mode of production and at the same time, which capitalism has difficulty in coping with, the meaning of waste management in terms of capital tried to be revealed in relation to the sustainable development paradigm.

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