Etik Bir Sorun Olarak ‘Bakım Açığını’ Kapatmak: Palyatif Bir Çözüm mü, Evrensel Bakım mı?

İnsanların yalnızca insan olmaktan dolayı sahip olduğu değeri korumak ve insa- na özgü olanakların herkes için eşit biçimde geliştirilmesini sağlamak için erişi- lebilir ve kapsayıcı bakım hizmetlerine ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle sos- yal adaleti sağlamak üzere bakımın, temel bir hak olarak herkes için korunması hedefiyle bakım hizmetlerinin planlanması ve uygulanması gerekmektedir. Zira bakım hizmetlerinin sosyal ve ekonomik bir hak olarak tanınmaması ve bakım hizmetleriyle, bakım hakkının tüm insanlar için korunmasının hedeflenmemesi bir insan hakkı olan bakım hakkının ihlaline yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ba- kımın değersizleştirildiği günümüz kapitalist rejimlerinde kamusal bakım hiz- metlerinin yokluğunda, söz konusu ihlalin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan “bakım açığı” ve “bakım krizi” gibi sorunlar ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle bakıma gereksinim duyanlar ve bakım verenler açısından bu sorunlar irdelenerek, top- lumsal cinsiyet ve sınıfsal boyutu ortaya çıkartılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Ardından son yıllarda uluslararası gündemin odağında gittikçe daha fazla yer alan çocuk bakımı, iş-yaşam dengesi, uzun süreli bakım ve evde bakım gibi düzenlemele- re yönelik uluslararası politika önerileri incelenmektedir. Çalışma, etik bir bakış açısıyla geliştirilecek bakım hizmetlerinin neliğine ilişkin bir değerlendirmeyle sonuçlandırılmaktadır.

Meeting Care Deficit as an Ethical Problem: A Palliative Soluti- on or Universal Care?

Accessible and inclusive care services are needed to protect the value of human beings which is entirely independent of any conditions and to develop human potentialities equally for all. For this reason, care services should be planned to protect care for all as one of the fundamental rights and in order to ensure social justice. If care services are not recognized as a social and economic right and are not aimed to protect the right to care for all people with care services, the right to care will be violated; and that means a violation of human righ- ts. This study discusses the problems like “care deficit” and “crisis of care” as a result of the mentioned violation in today’s capitalist regimes where care is devalued and public care services are restricted. First, it is tried to reveal the gender and class dimensions of these problems by examining them in terms of those who need care and caregivers. Then, international policy proposals such as child care, work-life balance, long-term care and home care, which appear on the international agenda with increased attention in recent years, are examined. The study concludes with an evaluation of the nature of care services which can be developed from an ethical perspective.

PDF

___

Addati, L., Cattaneo, U., Esquivel, V. ve Valarino, I. (2018) Care Work and Care Jobs for The Future of Decent Work, Geneva: International Labour Office.
AGE Platform Europe, (2019) “Life is Intergenerational by Nature and So should EU Action”, https://www. age-platform.eu/press-releases/life-intergenerational-nature-and-so-should-eu-action-age-members- urge-new-eu-policy. (10.01.2022).
Chatzidakis, A., Hakim, J., Littler, J., Rottenberg, C. ve Segal, L. (2020) Bakım Manifestosu (çev. G. Acar Savran), Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
Chopra, D. (2021) “Paid Work and Unpaid Care Work in India, Nepal, Tanzania, and Rwanda: A Bi-directional Relationship”, Women’s Economic Empowerment (eds. K. Grantham, G. Dowie ve A. de Haan), London: Routledge, 186-206.
Commission for Social Policy, Education, Employment, Research and Culture, (2021) “Future Plan for Care Workers and Care Services – Local and Regional Opportunities in The Context of A European Challenge”, 6th Commission Meeting, 17 February 2021 Working Document.
Council of the European Union, (2017) “Proposal for A Directive of the European Parliament and of The Council on Work-Life Balance for Parents and Carers and Repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU”, https:// eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52017PC0253. (10.01.2022).
Council of the European Union, (2018) “Proposal for A Directive of the European Parliament and of The Council on Work-Life -General Approach”, https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-10291- 2018-INIT/en/pdf. (10.01.2022).
Council of the European Union, (2019) “Directive of The European Parliament and of The Council on Work- Life Balance for Parents and Carers and Repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU”, https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019L1158&from=EN. (10.01.2022).
Council of the European Union, (2021) “Key Conclusions on 2021 Long Term Care Report of the Social Protection Committee and the European Commission”, https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ ST-9144-2021-INIT/en/pdf. (10.01.2022).
Dowie, G., de Haan, A. ve Grantham, K. (2021) “Conclusion: Programming and Policy Lessons and Future Research Priorities for Women’s Economic Empowerment”, Women’s Economic Empowerment (eds. K. Grantham, G. Dowie ve A. de Haan), London: Routledge, 250-259.
Eurocarers, (2014) “Enabling Carers to Care. An EU Strategy to Support and Empower Informal Carers”, https:// omaishoitajat.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Eurocarers-Strategy_final.pdf. (07.09.2021).
Eurofound, (2020) Access to Care Services: Early Childhood Education and Care, Healthcare and Long-Term Care, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Parliament Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, (2018) “REPORT on Care Services in The EU for Improved Gender Equality-A8-0352/2018 (2018/2077(INI))”, https://www.europarl.europa. eu/doceo/document/A-8-2018-0352_EN.html. (04.03.2022).
European Social Network, (2021) “Promoting Long-Term Care Quality Assurance Policies at EU Level”, https:// www.esn-eu.org/news/promoting-long-term-care-quality-assurance-policies-eu-level (04.03.2022).
European Union, (2021a) “Early Childhood Education and Care”, https://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/ early-childhood-education-and-care_en. (05.11.2021).
European Union, (2021b) “ET2020 Working Group Early Childhood Education and Care Final Report”,https:// www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/EInfancia/documentos/early_childhood_and_care_-_how_to_ recruit_train_and_motivate_well-qualified_staff.pdf. (04.03.2022).
Folbre, N. (2021) “Developing Care: The Care Economy and Economic Development”, Women’s Economic Empowerment (eds. K. Grantham, G. Dowie ve A. de Haan), London: Routledge, 102-125.
Fraser, N. (2016) “Contradictions of Capital and Care”, New Left Review, 100(99), 99–117.
Fraser, N. (2017) “Crisis of Care? On The Social-Reproductive Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism”, Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression (ed. T. Bhattacharya), London: Pluto Press, 21-36.
Gahwi, L. ve Walton-Roberts, M. (2022) “Migrant Care Labour, Covid-19, and the Long-Term Care Crisis: Achieving Solidarity for Care Providers and Recipients”, Migration and Pandemics: Spaces of Solidarity and Spaces of Exception (ed. A. Triandafyllidou), Toronto: Springer Nature, 105-121.
Güler Aydın, D., Karaçay, H. ve Özateş Gelmez, Ö. S. (2020) “Sermaye Birikim Rejimlerinin Oluşum ve Gelişim Sürecinde Kadın Emeği ve Hareketi”, Emek Araştırma Dergisi, 11(18), 77-96.
Horton, A. (2022) “Financialization and Non-Disposable Women: Real Estate, Debt and Labour in UK Care Homes”, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 54(1), 144-159.
ILO, (2022) “Care at Work: Investing in Care Leave and Services for A More Gender Equal World of Work (Executive summary)”, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/ publication/wcms_838655.pdf. (01.04.2022).
Ivancheva, M. ve Keating, K. (2021) “Revisiting Precarity, with Care: Productive and Reproductive Labour in The Era of Flexible Capitalism”, Ephemera: Critical Dialogues on Organization, 20(4), 251-282.
Kabubo-Mariara, J., Kamanzi, A. ve McKay, A. (2021) “The School-to-Work Transition for Young Females in Sub-Saharan Africa: Comparative Qualitative Evidence from Six Countries”, Women’s Economic Empowerment (eds. K. Grantham, G. Dowie ve A. de Haan), London: Routledge, 233-249.
Kuçuradi, İ. (2007) İnsan Hakları Kavramları ve Sorunları, Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu.
McGee, M. (2020) “Capitalism’s Care Problem: Some Traces, Fixes, and Patches”, Social Text, 38(1), 39-66.
Miller, D. A. (1981) “The ‘Sandwich’ Generation: Adult Children of The Aging”, Social Work, 26(5), 419-423.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2002) “Long-Term Care And Social Justice: A Challenge To Conventional Ideas of The Social Contract”, Ethical Choices in Long-term Care: What does Justice Require?, https://www.who.int/ mediacentre/news/notes/ethical_choices.pdf. (07.09.2021).
OECD, (2019) “Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators (Executive summary)”, https://www. oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/4dd50c09-en/1/2/11/9/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/4dd50c09- en&mimeType=text/html&_
OECD, (2020) “Who Cares? Attracting and Retaining Care Workers for the Elderly (Executive summary)”, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/92c0ef68-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/92c0ef68-en. (10.01.2022).
OXFAM, (2020) “Bakım Zamanı: Ücretlendirilmeyen ve Eksik Ücretlendirilen Bakım Emeği ve Küresel Eşitsizlik Krizi”, https://www.kedv.org.tr/public/uploads/files/raporlar/Oxfam%202020%20Es%CC%A7itsizlik%20 Raporu-Bak%C4%B1m%20Zaman%C4%B1.pdf. (10.01.2022).
Özateş, Ö. S. (2015) Malumun İlanı Kadın Emeğinin Saklı Yüzü: Ev İçi Bakım Emeği, Ankara NotaBene Yayınları.
Özateş Gelmez, Ö. S. (2017) “Farklı Refah Devletlerinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet İçerimlerine Bakım Hizmetleri Üzerinden Bakmak”, Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyal Güvenlik: İnsana Karşı Piyasa (eds. G. Yenimahalleli Yaşar, A. Göksel ve Ö. Birler), Ankara: Notabene Yayınları, 213-232.
Özateş Gelmez, Ö. S. (2022) “Güvenli ve Eşit Kent Politikaları: Uluslararası Standartlar ve İyi Uygulama Örnekleri ile Kentsel Bakım Hizmetleri”, https://esitkentankara.org/2022/05/05/kentsel-bakim-hizmetleri/. (18.05.2022).
Palriwala, R. (2019) “Framing Care: Gender, Labour and Governmentalities”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 26(3), 237-262.
Peña-Longobardo, L. M., Oliva-Moreno, J., García-Armesto, S. ve Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2016) “The Spanish Long-Term Care System in Transition: Ten Years Since The 2006 Dependency Act”, Health Policy, 120(10), 1177-1182.
Poo, A. (2020) “Who Cares? Now, All of Us Must”, The New York Review of Books. https://portside.org/2020-06- 11/who-cares-now-all-us-must-. (10.01.2022).
Privalko, I., Maître, B., Watson, D. ve Grotti, R. (2019) Access to Childcare and Home Care Services across Europe: An Analysis of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC), 2016, Dublin: Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection and Economic and Social Research Institute.
Schwiter, K. ve Steiner, J. (2020) “Geographies of Care Work: The Commodification of Care, Digital Care Futures and Alternative Caring Visions”, Geography Compass, 14(12), 1-16.
Social Protection Committee, (2014) Adequate Social Protection for Long-Term Care Needs in An Ageing Society: Report Jointly Prepared by The Social Protection Committee and The European Commission, Luxembourg: European Union.
Spasova, S., Baeten, R., Coster, S., Ghailani, D., Peña-Casas, R. ve Vanhercke, B. (2018) “Challenges in Long-Term Care in Europe: A Study of National Policies”, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332533/ Eurohealth-24-4-7-12-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. (07.03.2022).
Toksöz, G. (2021) Emanet Emek Göç Yollarında Kadınlar, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları
UN, (2020) “UN Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women”, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/ files/resources/policy-brief-theimpact- of-covid-19-on-women-en.pdf.(07.03.2022).
Walton-Roberts, M. (2020) “Occupational (Im)mobility in The Global Care Economy: The Case of Foreign- Trained Nurses in The Canadian Context”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(16), 3441-3456.
WHO, (2002) “Ethical Choices in Long-term Care: What does Justice Require?”, https://www.who. intmediacentre/news/notes/ethical_choices.pdf