Vicdan: Eğitimi ve Gelişimi

Ahlaki motivasyon kaynağının ne olduğu ve bu motivasyonun nasıl geliştiği sorusu farklı araştırmalara konu olmuştur. İnsandaki ahlaki motivasyonun kaynağının önemli bir parçasının vicdan olduğu makul bir şekilde ileri sürülebilir. Gerek kendimizle gerekse toplumla olan ahlaki ilişkimizi (çoğu zaman) vicdan mekanizması aracılığıyla değerlendiriyoruz. Vicdan, ahlakın temelinde bulunan ‘olması gereken’i insanlara dayatmakta ve ahlaki buyruklara uymalarını onlardan talep etmektedir. Vicdanın bu buyruklarına aykırı hareket eden kişi derin bir pişmanlık ve suçluluk duymaktadır. Bu çalışmada ahlaki motivasyon kaynağı olarak vicdan konusu ele alınarak vicdanın eğitim süreçlerinde nasıl işleneceğine ilişkin bir tartışma yapılacaktır. Böylece, vicdanın ahlaki doğasına yönelik bir çözümleme yapmak ve vicdan gelişiminin imkanını tartışmak kaçınılmazdır. Ahlaki bakış açımızın çok önemli bir parçası olan vicdanın eğitim aracılığıyla desteklenmesi; vicdan tamamlayıcı kavramların eğitim süreçlerinde merkezi bir yer edinmeleri son derece önemlidir. Vicdanın doğuştan gelen bir temeli olsa da çocukların aldıkları eğitim veya sosyalleşme deneyimleri onların vicdan gelişimlerini önemli oranda etkilemektedir.

CONSCIENCE: EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT

The question of what the source of moral moti- vation is and how this motivation develops has been the subject of different studies. It could reasonably be argued that conscience is an important part of the source of moral motivation in humans. Most of the time, we evaluate our moral relationship with ourselves and the society through the mechanism of conscience. Conscience commands people the ‘ought’ which is the basis of morality and deman- ds them to obey (these) moral orders.The person who violates these commandments of conscience feels deep regret and guilt. In this study, the issue of conscience as a source of moral motivation will be discussed and a discussion will be made about how conscience will be processed in educational processes. It is inevitable to analyze the moral na- ture of conscience and to discuss the possibility of conscience development. Consciousness, which is an important part of our moral perspective, needs to be supported through education. In this respect, it is also important that the complementary concepts of conscience take place in the educational proces- ses. Although conscience has an innate basis, the education or socialization experiences of children significantly affect their conscience development.

PDF

___

Aktürk, Eyüp. Ahlaktan Tanrı’ya: Ahlak Kanıtı Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2016.
Arthur, James. “Traditional Approaches to Character Education in Britain and America”, Handbook of Moral and Character Education, ed. Larry P. Nucci, Darcia Narvaez, New York: Routledge, 2008.
Bushman, Brad J-Chandler, Jesse- Huesmann, L. Rowell. “Do violent media numb our consciences?”, The Development and Structure of Cons- cience, ed. Willem Koops, Daniel Brugman, Tamara J. Ferguson, and Andries F. Sanders, New York: Psychology Press, 2010.
Evans, C. Stephen. God and Moral Obligation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Freud, Sigmund. “The Future of an Illusion”, Readings in the Philosophy of Religion, ed. Kelly James Clark, Toronto: Broadview Readings in Philosophy, 2008.
Green, Thomas F. “The Formation of Conscience in an Age of Technology”, American Journal of Education, Vol. 94, No. 1, 1985.
Hansen, Charlote. “Newman, Conscience and Authority”, New Blackfriars, Vol. 92, No. 1038 (March 2011).
Heck, Paul L. “Conscience across Cultures: The Case of Islam”, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 94, No. 3 (July 2014).
Kant, Immanuel. “Lectures on Pedagogy”, Translated by Robert B. Louden, Anthropology, History, and Education, ed. Gunter Zoller, Robert B. Louden, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Kant, Immanuel. Eğitim Üzerine, çev. Ahmet Aydoğan, İstanbul, Say Yay., 2017.
Karreman, Annemiek-Tuijl, Cathy van, vd. “Young Children’s Self-regulation and the Development of Moral Conduct”, The Development and Structure of Conscience, ed. Willem Koops, Daniel Brugman, Tamara J. Ferguson, and Andries F. Sanders, New York: Psychology Press, 2010.
Keller, Monika-Brandt, Agnes-Sigurdardottir, Gudridur. ““Happy”and“Unhappy” Victimizers: The Development of Moral Emotions from Childhood to Adolescence”, The Development and Structure of Conscience, ed. Willem Koops, Daniel Brugman, Tamara J. Ferguson, and Andries F. Sanders, New York: Psychology Press, 2010.
Killick, Steve. Emotional Literacy, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 2006.
Killen, Melanie- Smetana, Judith. Handbook of Moral Development, ed. Melanie Killen, Judith Smetana, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.
Koops, Williem-Brugman, Daniel- Ferguson, Tamara J. “The Development of Conscience: Concepts and Theoretical and Empirical Approa- ches”, The Development and Structure of Conscience, Ed.Willem Koops, Daniel Brugman, Tamara J. Ferguson, and Andries F. Sanders, New York: Psychology Press, 2010.
Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, The Pennsylvania State University, 1999.
Lyons, William. “Conscience -An Essay in Moral Psychology”, Philosophy, October 2009, Vol. 84, No. 330 (October 2009).
Mackie, John L. The Miracle of Theism, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), s. 105; Charles A. Smith, “Beyond “I’m Sorry”: The Educator’s Role in Preschoolers’ Emergence of Conscience”, YC Young Children, Vol. 68, No. 1 (March 2013).
Musschenga, Bert. “Moral Violations and the Ordinary Moral Person”, The Development and Structure of Conscience, Ed.Willem Koops, Daniel Brugman, Tamara J. Ferguson, and Andries F. Sanders, New York: Psychology Press, 2010.
Newman, J. H. “Proof of Theism”, The Argument from Conscience to the Existence of God According to J. H. Newman, London: Cum Permissu Superiorum, 1961.
Norman, Richard. The Moral Philosophers, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Thomaes, Sander- Stegge, Hedy- Olthof, Tjeert. “Does shame bring out the worst in narcissists? On moral emotions and immoral behaviours”, The Development and Structure of Conscience, Ed. Willem Koops, Daniel Brugman, Tamara J. Ferguson, and Andries F. Sanders, New York: Psychology Press, 2010.
Tidmarsh, Mannes. “Education and the Growth of Conscience”, New Blackfriars, Vol. 46, No. 542 (August 1965).