YENİ VATANDAŞLIK TÜRLERİ: ÇAĞDAŞ BİR TİPOLOJİ Mİ?

Vatandaşlık hukukunda vatandaşlık, “kişiyi devlete bağlayan hukuki bağ” olarak tanımlanır. Bu bağ aynı zamanda devlet ile kişi arasında kamusal bir ilişki yaratır. Günümüzde, “ulusötesi” ve “ulusüstü” vatandaşlık türleri ortaya atılmıştır. Ulusüstü vatandaşlığa tek örnek Avrupa Birliği vatandaşlığıdır. Vatandaşlara tanınan haklar bakımından tanımlanmıştır ve üye devlet vatandaşlığı yanında ikincil bir vatandaşlık teşkil etmez. Ulusötesi vatandaşlık ise küreselleşme ile birlikte farklı isimler altında ileri sürülmüştür. Temelinde parayla satın alınan ya da mülkiyete dayalı bir vatandaşlık anlayışı vardır. Bunlar arasında; kazanılmış vatandaşlık, geniş kapsamlı vatandaşlık, paydaş vatandaşlık, ikamete dayalı ve yaslanmış vatandaşlık gibi türler görülür. Küreselleşmenin bir sonucu gibi görünen ve hukuki olmaktan çok, bazı konularda ayrıcalık sağlayan bu vatandaşlık tiplerinin oluşmasında göç olgusunun da önemli bir rolü olmuştur. “Mobil elite” ayrıcalık tanıyan bu vatandaşlık türleri, yeni bir tipoloji yaratır mı sorusunun yanıtı verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

NEW CITIZENSHIP TYPES: IS IT A CONTEMPORARY TYPOLOGY?

Citizenship is defined as “the legal bond that connects the person to the state” in citizenship law. This bond also creates a public relationship between the state and the person. Today, “transnational” and “supranational” types of citizenship have been brought forward. The only example of supranational citizenship is the European Union citizenship. It is defined in terms of the rights granted to citizens and it does not constitute a secondary citizenship beside the member state citizenship. Transnational citizenship has been brought forward under different names along with globalization. It is basically a citizenship that is purchased with money or a citizenship based on property. These include; earned citizenship, expansive citizenship, stakeholder citizenship, residence-based citizenship and lean citizenship. Immigration has also played an important role in the formation of these types of citizenship, which seem to be a result of globalization and these types of citizenship provide privileges in some matters, rather than being in law. The question which asks is these new citizenship types that grant privileges to “mobile elite” creates a new typology is being tried to answer.

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