A genealogy of Antihero

Edebi bir terim olarak anti-kahraman ya da karşı-kahraman, on dokuzuncu yüzyılda Dostoyevski ile edebiyata girmiştir ve kullanım ı yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarıs ında doruğa ulaşm ış tır. Ancak, anti-kahraman başkişiler veya karakterler erken Yunan tiyatrosundan beri sahnede görülmekte ve öyküleri yirminci yüzyıl edebiyat eserlerinde çokça anlatılmaktadır. Kahraman olgusu anti-kahramana temel oluşturur. Her yüzyılda, zamanına özgü kahramanlar bulunurken, aynı zamanda, sayıca kahramanlar kadar çok olmasa da anti-kahramanlar da varlıklarını sürdürür. Kişilikleri, ahlaki kuralları ve de ğer yargıları bakım ından aralar ındaki fark ilk temsillerinde oldukça belirgindir. Fakat günümüze geldikçe bu fark belirsizle şir. Çağdaş edebiyatta anti-kahramanlar savaşlar gibi tarihsel, politik ve sosyolojik durumların sonucu olarak kahramanlardan sayıca üstün olmaya baş lam ış, edebi eserler kahramanlık ve cesaretten çok başarıs ızlık, eylemsizlik, belirsizlik ve çaresizlik temalarını içermeye başlam ış tır. Bu çalışma, İkinci Dünya Savaşının çağdaş anti-kahraman olgusunun geliş iminde can alıc ı bir etkisinin olduğunu tartış ır. Savaş ın sonucu olarak, destan ve epik ş iirlerde cesaretin, maceranın, de ğişimin ve eylemin simgesi olan kahraman, özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaş ı s ırasında/sonrasında yazılan gerçekçi, absürt ve varoluşçu eserlerdeki yenilgilerin ve ümitsizliğin anti- kahramanına dönüşmüştür.

Anti-kahramanın soykütüğü

Antihero, as a literary term, entered literature in the nineteenth century with Dostoevsky, and its usage flourished in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the antihero protagonists or characters have been on stage since the early Greek drama and their stories are often told in the works of the twentieth century literature. The notion of hero sets the base for antihero. In every century, there are heroes peculiar to their time; meanwhile, antiheroes continue to live as well, though not as abundant as heroes in number. The gap between them in terms of their personality, moral code and value judgements is very obvious in their early presentation; however, the closer we come to our age, the vaguer this difference becomes. In contemporary literature, antiheroes have begun to outnumber heroes as a result of historical, political and sociological facts such as wars, and literary pieces have tended to present themes of failure, inaction, uncertainty and despair rather than heroism and valour. This study argues that Second World War has the crucial impact on the development of the notion of modern antihero. As a consequence of the war, hero as the symbol of valour, adventure, change and action in the legends and epic poems has been transformed into antihero of failure and despair, especially in realist, absurdist and existentialist works written during/after the Second World War.

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