ORTA ÇAĞ AVRUPA’SINDA ÇİZİLEN DÜNYA HARİTALARINDA YE’CÛC VE ME’CÛC (GOG VE MAGOG) HALKININ/ÜLKESİNİN TASVİRİ

Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında çizilen dünya haritalarının genel ismi mappamundi’dir. Mappamundi haritalarının en yaygın türü, kökeni antik Yunan’a dayanan T-O haritalarıdır. Mappamundiler, Orta Çağ dünyasının hem coğrafi hem de dini bilgilerinin tasvir edildikleri bir sahnedir. Dünya haritalarındaki dini betimlemeler arasında zaman zaman Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc ve Büyük İskender’in seddi göze çarpar. Apokaliptik bir halk olarak tahayyül edilen Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc, haritalarda meskûn dünyanın uzak köşelerinde genellikle bir ada ya da yarımada şeklinde kapalı bir alanda tasvir edilmiştir. Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında çizilen dünya haritalarında Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc, bir bölge ya da halk olarak geçse de genellikle herhangi bir milletle ya da dini grupla özdeşleştirilmemiştir. Ancak 13. yüzyılla birlikte Moğolların Avrupa’yı tehdit etmesi Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc ile Moğolların arasında bir bağ kurulmasına sebep olmuştur. Böylece 1200’lü yıllardan itibaren haritalarda Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc bir kimlik bulmuştur. İngiliz tarihçi ve kartograf Matthew Paris’in eserinde ve haritasında, Vesconte Haritası’nda, Katalan Atlası’nda ve Waldseemüller Haritası’nda Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc Moğollarla özdeşleştirilmiştir. Ebstorf ve Hereford dünya haritalarında Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc ile Türkler arasında bir bağ kurulmuştur. 15. yüzyılda çizilen dünya haritalarında Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc çoğunlukla Yahudiler olarak tanımlanmıştır. Borgia, Bianco, Andreas Walsperger, Ceneviz, Batlamyus/Zeit ve Rüst/Sporer haritalarında Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc Kayıp On Kabile ya da Yahudi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada mezkûr haritalardaki Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc tasvirleri incelenmiştir.

The Description of the Folk/Territory of Gog and Magog (Ye’cûc and Me’cûc) in the World Maps Drawned in the Medieaval Europe

The general name of the world maps drawn in Medieval Europe ismappamundi. The most common type of mappamundi maps are T-O mapsthat date back to ancient Greece. The Mappamundi is a scene where bothgeographical and religious knowledge of the medieval world are depicted.From time to time, among the divine depictions on world maps, Gog Magogand the wall of Alexander the Great stand out. Envisioned as an apocalypticpeople, the Gog-and-Magog is depicted on maps in a closed area in thedistant corners of the inhabited world, usually in the form of an island or apeninsula. Although the Gog-and-Magog is mentioned as a region or apeople in the world maps drawn in the Middle Ages Europe, it is generallynot identified with any nation or religious group. However, the threat of theMongols to Europe in the 13th century caused a connection between theGog-and-Magog and Mongols. Thus, it has found a Gog-and-Magog onmaps since the 1200s. The Gog-and-Magog appears British historian andcartographer Matthew Paris’ work and map, the Vesconte Map, the CatalanAtlas and the Waldseemüller Map and has been usually linked toMongolians. In Ebstorf and Hereford world maps, a connection isestablished between the Gog-and-Magog and Turks. In the world mapsdrawn in the 15th century, the Gog-and-Magog was mostly defined as Jews.In Borgia, Bianco, Andreas Walsperger, Genoese, Ptolemy/Zeit andRüst/Sporer maps, the Gog-and-Magog appears as the Lost Ten Tribes orJews. In this study, the depictions of the Gog-and-Magog in theaforementioned maps are examined.

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