Şii Ekseni Tartışmaları ve İran

Son yıllarda, özellikle Irak’ta ortaya çıkan mezhep çatışmaları nedeniyle, Orta Doğu siyasetini açıklamada mezhep eksenli bir yaklaşım gelişmektedir. Bu yaklaşıma göre mezhep çatışmaları sadece Irak’ta değil Orta Doğu siyasetinde de en önemli belirleyici faktör olacaktır. Bu makalede mezhepçi yaklaşım, Şii ekseni tartışmaları ve kaçınılmaz olarak tartışmaların odağında yer alan İran’ın tutumu analiz edilmektedir. Makalede, ABD’nin Irak’a müdahalesinden sonra Şiiliğin Orta Doğu siyasetinde önemli bir faktör olarak ortaya çıkmasına karşın, mezhep eksenli analizin bölge siyasetini açıklamakta yetersiz kaldığı ve yanıltıcı olduğu savunulmaktadır.

On Shiite Axis and Iran

A new approach has been devised based on sectarian conflict in Iraq to understand Middle Eastern politics. Accordingly, sectarian conflict between Shiites and Sunnis will be the decisive factor not only in Iraq, but all over Middle East. This article reviews and analyzes this sectarian approach, the so-called emerging “Shiite Crescent”, and the position of Iran with regard to these debates. It is argued that, although Shiism has emerged as an important factor in Middle Eastern politics, an approach based on sectarian conflict will be inadequate and misleading in understanding the actual situation

___

Arıkan, Pınar, “ABD’nin Irak’a Müdahalesi ve İran’ın Tutumu,” Şahin, M. ve Taştekin, M. (der.), II. Körfez Savaşı, Ankara, Platin Yay., 2006.
Bahgat, Gawdat, “Israel and Iran in the New Middle East,” Contemporary Security Policy, Cilt 27, No.3, Aralık 2006, ss.363-375.
Barzegar, Kayhan, “Understanding the Roots of Iranian Foreign Policy in the New Iraq,” Middle East Policy, Cilt 7, No.2, Yaz 2005, ss.49-57.
Cole, J., Katzman, K. Sadjadpour, K. ve Takeyh, R., “A Shia Crescent: What Fallout for the United States?” Middle East Policy, Cilt 12, No.4, Kış 2005, ss.1-27.
Cole, Juan, “A ‘Shite Crescent’? The Regional Impact of the Iraq War,” Current History, Cilt 105, No. 693, Ocak 2006, ss.20-27.
Dağı, İhsan D., Ortadoğu’da İslam ve Siyaset, İstanbul, Boyut Yayınları, 2002.
Fuller, Graham,“The Hizballah-Iran Connection: Model for Sunni Resistance,” The Washington Quarterly, Cilt 30, No.1, Kış 2006-07, ss.139- 150.
Gause III, F. Gregory, “Saudi Arabia: Iraq, Iran, the Regional Power Balance, and the Sectarian Question,” Strategic Insights, Cilt 6, No.2, Mart 2007, ss.1-8.
Halliday, Fred, Sunni, Shi’a and the ‘Trotskyists of Islam’, 9 Şubat 2007, http://www.opendemocracy.net/trackback/4334 .
Harling, Peter ve Hamid Yasin, “Iraq’s Diverse Shia,” Le Monde Dipomatique, Eylül 2006.
Iran and the Shia Revival in the Middle East, 23 Mart 2006, http://www. cfr.org/publication/10516/iran_and_the_shia_revival_in_the_middle_ east_rush_transcript_federal_news_service_inc.html.
“Iraqi Civil War threatens Region, Mubarak Says,” ABC News Online, 9 Nisan 2006.
“Iraq, Jordan See Threat to Election From Iran; Leaders Warn Against Forming Religious State,” Washington Post, 8 Aralık 2004.
“Iran Leader Praises Hezbollah Resistance,” Associated Press, 16 Ağustos 2006.
“Iran, Syria Praise Hezbollah, Mock U.S.,” Associated Press, 15 Ağustos 2006.
Javdani, Behrouz, “The Secret Behind Reactionary Triangle Accusation against Iran,” Baztab, 5 Aralık 2006.
Hiltermann, Joost, Iraq and the New Sectarianism in the Middle East, Haziran 2007, http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4558.
Kiernan, Peter, Middle East Opinion: Iran Fears Aren’t Hitting the Arab Street, 3 Şubat 2007, http://www.zogby.com/Soundbites/ReadClips.dbm?ID=14570.
Kramer, Martin, “Israel vs. the New Islamist Axis,” Middle East Review of Interntional Affairs, Cilt 11, No.1, Mart 2007’ ss.13-16.
“Leader: Any Divisive Muslim Action Sinful,” Iran Daily, 30 Aralık 2006.
“Leader’s Viewpoints - Democracy,” Haziran 2007, http://www.leader. ir/langs/EN/tree/neda/view.php?parent=n198&catid=EN.
Mirak-Weissbach, Muriel, “Why Condi’s Anti-Shi’ite Alliance Won’t Work,” Executive Intelligence Review, 17 Kasım 2006, http://www.larouchepub. com/other/2006/3346rice_anti-shiite.html.
Nasr, Vali, “Regional Implications of Shi’a Revival in Iraq,” The Washington Quarterly, Cilt 27, No.3, Yaz 2004, ss.7-21.
Nasr, Vali, “When the Shiites Rise,” Foreign Affairs, Cilt 85, No.11, Temmuz/ Ağustos 2006, ss.58-74.
Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future, New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 2006.
Ramazani, R.K., Revolutionary Iran; Challenge and Response in the Middle East, Baltimore ve Londra, The John Hopkins University Press, 1988.
“Rehberi İngılab der Cemği Ruhaniyun-i Meşhed: Mozakare ba Amrika Hergiz Hatta der Barei Irak,” Keyhan, 17 Mayıs 2007.
Roy, Oliver, Siyasal İslam’ın İflası, İstanbul, Metis Yayınları, 1995.
Rubin, Barry, “Iran: The Rise of a Regional Power,” Middle East Review of International Affairs, Cilt 10, No.1, Eylül 2006, ss. 142-151.
Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, “Questioning the Shia Crescent,” Al-Ahram Weekly, 19-25 Nisan 2007.
Sariolghalam, Mahmood ,“The Shia Revival: A threat or an Opportunity?” Journal of International Affairs, Cilt 60, No.2, Bahar/Yaz 2007, ss.201-208.
“Sectarian Tensions Simmer in Bahrain,” ISN Security Watch, 7 Şubat 2007.
Sepahpour-Ulrich, Soraya, Shiite Revival or Majority Resistance? 6 Eylül 2006, http://www.payvand.com/news/06/sep/1066.html.
Shaery-Eisonlohr, Roshanack, “Iran, the Vatican of Shi’ism?,” Middle East Report, No.233, Kış 2004, ss.40-43.
Sinkaya, Bayram, “II. Körfez Savaşı Sonrası Irak’ta Yönetimin Yeniden Tesisi,” M. Şahin ve Taştekin, M. (der.), II. Körfez Savaşı, Ankara, Platin Yayınları, 2006.
Şahin, Mehmet, “Şii Jeopolitiği: İran için Fırsatlar ve Engeller,” Akademik Orta Doğu, Cilt 1, No.1, 2006, ss.39-55.
Takeyh, Ray, Gizli İran; İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Güç ve Paradoks, Küçük, Cem (çev.), İstanbul, Ekvator Yayıncılık, 2007.
Taremi, Kamran, An Iranian Perspective, 3 Şubat 2005, http://www.bitterlemons- international.org/previous.php?opt=1&id=70#284.
Taromi, Karman, “Iranian Foreign Policy towards the New Iraq,” Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Cilt 18, No.4, Kış 2005, ss.455-475.
“The Shi’a in the Arab World,” Middle East Report, No. 242, Bahar 2007, ss.1-39.
Valbjorn, Morten ve André Bank, “Signs of A New Arab Cold War; The 2006 Lebanon War and the Suni-Shi’i Divide”, Middle East Report, No.242, Bahar 2007, ss.6-7.
Yehiav, Ayellet, “The Anti-Iranian Front: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan,” Middle East Review of International Affairs, Cilt 11, No.1, Mart 2007, ss.6-9.