Özdal GÖKDAL, Hasan ÜLKER, Orhan KARACA, Sinan BAŞ

Spermatogonial transplantasyon ve Hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde kullanımı

Spermatogonial transplantasyon, verici bir hayvandan izole edilen spermatogonial hücrelerin bir dizi farklı yöntemler kullanılarak testisleri germ hücrelerinden temizlenip infertil hale getirilmiş olan alıcı hayvanın testislerine transfer edilmesi işlemidir. Aktarılan spermatogonial hücreler kendilerini seminefer tüplerin bazal tabakasına konuşlandırırlar ve spermatogenesİsi başlatarak germ hücreleri tamamen boşaltılan alıcı hayvanın testisini yeni germ hücreleri ile doldurarak fertil bir testis meydana getirirler. Bu tekniğe ilişkin çalışmalar spermatogonial kök hücrelerinin verici hayvanlardan izole edilmesi, kültür edilmesi, dondurularak saklanması, transplantasyon yapılmadan önce alıcı testislerdeki spermatogonianın yok edilerek temizlenmesi, aktarılan hücrelerin alıcı testislerde varlığımın belirlenmesi için marker sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi ve spermatogonial transplantasyonun farklı türler arasında uygulanışı şeklinde sıralanabilir. Bu tekniğin çiftlik hayvanlarında damızlık değeri belirleme zamanım azaltma, normal genetik değere sahip alıcı hayvanları kısa bir süre içerisinde vericinin genetik değerine sahip germ hücresi üreten hajn/anlara dönüştürebilme, transgenik çiftlik hayvanları üretme gibi amaçlarla yaygın olarak kullanılabileceği öngörülmektedir. Spermatogonial transplantasyon tekniği spermatogenesis, spermatogonial kök hücrelerime gamet-testis fonksiyonları ve interaksiyonlanm araştınnada oldukça kullanışlı bir yöntemdir. Bu tekniğin temel bilimden klinik uygulamalara, nesli tükenen türlerden hayvan ıslahına birçok alanda yararlı uygulamalara yön vereceği öngörülmektedir.

Spermatogonial transplantation and its utilization in animal breeding

Spermatogonial transplantation is a technique which spermatogonial germ cells isolated from a donor animal are transplanted into the testes of recipient animal whose testes were depleted from germ cells. Transferred spermatogonial germ cells translocate themselves to the base of semineferous tubules, repopukte the'germ-cell depleted testes of recipient animal by reinitiating spermatogenesis and restore the fertility. Isolation, culture and cryopreservation of spermatogonial stem cells from donor animals, depleting the germ cells of recipient testes prior to transplantation, developing marker systems to determine donor derived spermatogonia in the recipient testes and interspecies transplantation could be considered as the main topics of spermatogonial transplantation studies carried out so far. This technique is speculated to be used for various puqjoses such as decreasing the time needed to prove the genetic value of the livestock animals, converting the genetically average recipient animals into genetically superior germ cell producing animals in a short time and generating transgenic livestock. Spermatogonial transplantation is a useful technique to be used in investigating spermatogenesis, spermatogonial stem cells, gamete-testis functions and interactions. It is thought that this technique can be utilized in a variety of the areas such as basic science, clinical applications, endangered species and animal breeding.

PDF

___

Avarbock, M.R., C.J. Brinster, and R.L, Brinster. 1996. Reconstitution of spermatogenesis from frozen spermatogonial stem cells. Nature Medicine. 2(6): 693-696.
Bellve, A.R., Cavicchia, J.C., Millette O'Brien, D.A., Bhatnagar, Y.M., Dym, M., 1977. Spermatogenio cell of the prepuberal mouse: isolation and morphological characterization. J. Cell. Biol. 74, 68-85.
Brinster, R.L., and J.W. Zimmerman. 1994. Spermatogenesis following'male germ-cell transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11298-11302.
Brinster, R.L., and M.R. Avarbock. 1994. Gemiline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11303-11307.
Bucci, L.R., Brock, W.A., Johnson, T.S., Meistrich, M.L., 1986. Isolation and biochemical studies of enriched populations of spermatogonia and early spermatocytes from rat testes. Biol. Reprod. 34,195-206.
Clouthier, D.E., M.R. Avarbock, S.D. Maika, R.E. Hammer, and R.L. Brinster. 1996. Rat spermatogenesis in mouse testis. Nature. 381: 418-421.
De Rooij, D.G., and J.A. Grootegoed. 1998. Spermatogonial stem cells. Curr. Opin. In Cell Biol. 10 (6): 694-701.
Dobrinski, I., M.R. Avarbock, and R.L. Brinster. 1999. Transplantation of germ cells from rabbits and dogs into mouse testes. Biol. Reprod. 61: 1331-1339.
Dobrinski, I, M.R. Avarbock, and R.L. Brinster. 2000. Germ cell transplantation from large domestic animals into mouse testes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 57: 270-279.
Dym. M. 1994. Spermatogoniat stem cells of the testis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. YSA. 91:11287-11289.
Gandolfı, F. 2000. Sperm mediated transgenesis. Theriogenology. 53 (1): 127-137.
Glode, M., Robinson, J., Gould, S.F., 1981. Protection from cy- clophospamide-induced testicular damage with an analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Lancet 1,1132-1134.
Griswold., M.D., McLean, D., Russel, L. 2001. Promise and limitation of germ cell transplantation in the testis. J. Andrology. 22 (5): 713-717.
Hausler, C.L., and L.D. Russell. 1999. Prospects for spermatogonial transplantation in livestock and endangered species. In: The Male Gamete: From Basic Science to Clinical Applications. Cache River Press, pp 37-45.
Izadyar F, Spierenberg GT, Creemeirs LB, den Ouden K, de Rooij DG. 2002. Isolation and purification of type A spermatogonia from the bovine testis. Reproduction. 124(l):85-94.
McLeanı, D.J., Russel, L.D., Griswold, M.D. 2002. Biological activity and enrichment of spermatogonial stem cells in vitamin A-deficient and hyperthermia-exposed testes from mice based on colonization following germ cell transplantation. Biol. Reprod. 66: 1374-1379.
Meistrich, M.L., 1993. Effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on spermatogenesis. Eur. Urol. 23, 136-141.
Meistrich, M.L., and M.E.A.B. van Beek. 1993. Spermatogonial stem cells. In: Cell and Molecular Biology of the Testis. Oxford University Press. New York, pp 266-295.
Nagano.. M., M.R. Avarbock, E.B. Leonida, C.J. Brinster, and R.L. Brinster. 1998. Culture of mouse speimatogonial stem cells. Tissue Cell 30: 389-397.
Nagano, M., T. Shinohara, M.R. Avarbock, and R.L. Brinster. 2000. Retrovirus-mediated gene delivery into male germ line stem cells. Fed, Euro. Bioch. Soc. Letters 475: 7-10.
Nagano, M., McCarrey, J.R., Brinster, R.L., 2001. Primate sper- matogonial stem cells colonise mouse testes. Biol. Reprod. 64, 1409-1416.
Oatley, J.M. 2001. Development of spermatogonial stem cell transplant techniques in bulls. M.Sc. Thesis. Washington State University.
Oatley, J.M., De Avila, D.M., McLean, D.J., Griswold, M.D. and Reeves, J.J. 2002. Transplantation of bovine germinal cells into mouse testis. J. of Anim. Set. 80: 1925-1931.
Ogawa, T., J.M. Arechaga, M.R. Avarbock, and R.L. Brjnster. 1997. Transplantation of testis genninal cells into mouse seminiferous tubules. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 41: 111-112.
Ogawa, T., I. Dobrinski, M.R. Avarbock, and R.L. Brinster. 1998. Leuprolide, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, enhances colonization after spermatogonial transplantation into mouse testes. Tissue Cell 30: 583-588.
Ogawa, T., I. Dobrinski, M.R. Avarbock, and R.L. Brinster. 1999. Xenogeneic spermatogenesis following transplantation of Hamster germ cells to mouse testes. Biol. Reprod. 60: 515-521.
Quesnell, M.M. 1999. Immunization with LHRH fusion proteins and testicular ischemia on testis function, Ph.D. Thesis. Washington State University.
Reis, M.M., M.C. Tsai., P.N. Schlegel, M. Feliciano, R. Raffaelli, Z. Rosenwaks, G.D. Palermo. 2000. Xenogeneic transplantation of human spermatogonia. Zygote. 8: 97-105.
Schlatt, S., G. Rosiepen, G.F. Weinbauer, C. Rolf, P F. Brook, and E. Nieschlag. 1999. Germ cell transfer in rat, bovine, monkey and human testes. Human Reprod. 14: 144-150. Schalat, S. 2002. Spermatogonial stem cell preservation and transplantation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 187: 107-111.
Shinohara, T., M.R. Avarbock, and R.L. Brinster. 1999. Dr and Qfi-integrin are surface markers on mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 5504-5509.
Shinohara, T., K.E. Orwig, M.R. Avarbock, and R.L. Brinster. 2000. Spermatogonial stem cell enrichment by multiparameter selection of mouse testis cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 8346-8351.
Van Pelt, A.M.M., Morena, A.R., van Dissel-Emiliani, F.M.F., Boitani, C, Gaemers, I.C., de Rooij, D.G., Stefanini, M. 1996. Isolation of synchronized A spermatogonia from adult vitamin A»deficient rat testes. Biol. Reprod. 55: 439-444.
Van Pelt, A.M.M., Rorpers-Gajadien, H.L., Gademan, I.R., Creemers, L.B., de Rooij, D.G., van Dissel-Emiliani, F.M.F. 2002. Establishment of cell lines with rat spennatogonial stem cell characteristics. Endocrinology, 143:1845-1850.
Vecino, P., Uranga, J.A. Arechaga, J. 2001. Suppression of spermatogenesis for cell transplantation in dult mice. Protoplasma. 217: 191-198.
Viguier-Martinez., M.C, M.T. Hochereau-de Reviers, B. Barenton, and C. Perreau. 1984. Effect of prenatal treatment with busulfan on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, genital tract and testicular histology of prepubertal male rats. J. Reprod. Fert. 70: 67-73.
Von Schönfeldt, V., Krishnamurthy, H., Foppiani, L., Schlatt, S., 1999. Magnetic cell sorting as a fast and efficient method of enriching viable spermatogonia from rodent and primate testes. Biol. Reprod. 61, 582-589,