ANTİK YAZILI BELGELER IŞIĞINDA MAKEDONYA KRALI III. ALEKSANDROS’UN KÜÇÜK ASYA POLİS’LERİ İLE İLİŞKİLERİ

Öz Makedonya Kralı III. Aleksandros, İÖ 334 yılında Hellespontos üzerinden Küçük Asya’ya geçerek Pers Devleti egemenlik coğrafyasında seferlerine başlamıştır. Bu süreçte Küçük Asya’daki Hellen polis’leri ile ilişkilerinde uyguladığı diplomasi ve kullandığı siyasi terminoloji, Klasik Dönem devletler arası ilişkilere ait izler taşırken aynı zamanda önemli siyasal ve kavramsal dönüşümlere neden olarak Hellenistik dünyanın politik çerçevesini belirlemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, III. Aleksandros’un Küçük Asya polis’leri ile ilişkilerinde uyguladığı politikaları irdelemek ve diplomaside kullanılan siyasi terminolojiyi tarihsel bağlamda değerlendirmektir. Çalışmada Aleksandros’un Küçük Asya polis’leri ile ilişkileri zaman dizinsel bir perspektif içinde ele alınacak, konuyu işleyen antik edebi kayıtlar mevcut epigrafik belgeler ile nümismatik veriler üzerinden irdelenecek ve konu bağlamında polis’lerin siyasal düzenleri ile dönüşümleri de işlenecektir.

___

Referans1 Ashton, R.H.J., “Late Classical/Early Hellenistic Drachms of Knidos”, Revue Numismatique 154, (1999): 63-94.

Referans2 Badian, Ernst, “Alexander the Great and the Greeks of Asia”, E. Badian (ed.), Ancient Society and Institutions: Studies Presented to Victor Ehrenberg on His 75th Birthday, 37-69. Oxford: Blackwell, 1966.

Referans3 Bean, G. E., “Inscriptions in the Antalya Museum”, Belleten 22/85, (1958): 21-92.

Referans4 Bockish, G., “Die Karer und ihre Dynasten”, Klio 51 (1969): 116-175.

Referans5 Bosworth, A. B. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1988.

Referans6 Börm, Henning Mordende Mitbürger: Stasis und Bürgerkrieg in griechischen Poleis des Hellenismus. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2019.

Referans7 Chaniotis, A., “Illusions of Democracy in the Hellenistic World”, Athens Diologues E-Journal (2010): 1-58.

Referans8 Crielaard, J.P. “The Ionians in the Archaic Period. Shifting Identities in a Changing World”, T. Derks, N. Roymans (ed.), Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition, 37- 84. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009.

Referans9 Flensted-Jensen, P., “Karia”, Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen (ed.), An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, 1108-1137. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Referans10 Fuks, Alexander, The Ancestral Constitution: Four Studies in Athenian Party Politics at the End of the Fifth Century B.C. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 2010.

Referans11 Gerçek, Sevgi, Hellenistik Çağ Batı Anadolu Takvimleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2011.

Referans12 Hansen, Mogens Herman, “The “Autonomous City-State”. Ancient Fact or Modern Fiction?”, Mogens Herman Hansen, Kurt Raaflaub (ed.), Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis, 21-44. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995.

Referans13 Hansen, Mogens Herman, Polis: An Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Referans14 Head, Barclay Vincent, Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911.

Referans15 Heisserer, A. J., Alexander the Great and the Greeks: The Epigraphic Evidence. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.

Referans16 Hornblower, S., Mausolus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.

Referans17 Kaya, Mehmet Ali, Türkiye’nin Eskiçağ Tarihi III: Hellenistik Dönem. İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat, 2019.

Referans18 Keen, A. G., Dynastic Lycia: A Political History of the Lycians and Their Relations with Foreign Powers c. 545-362 BC. Leiden: Brill, 1998.

Referans19 Keen, A. G., Hansen, M. H., “Lykia”, Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen (ed.), An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, 1138-1143. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Referans20 Keen, A.G., Fischer-Hansen, T., “The South Coast of Asia Minor (Pamphylia, Kilikia)”, Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen (ed.), An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, 1211-1222. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Referans21 Kholod, M.M., “The Garrisons of Alexander the Great in the Greek Cities of Asia Minor”, Eos. Commentarii societatis philologae polonorum. 97/2 (2010): 249-258.

Referans22 Kholod, M. M. “On the Financial Relations of Alexander the Great and the Greek Cities in Asia Minor. The Case of Syntaxis”, A. Mehl, A. Makhlayuk, O. Gabelko (ed.), Ruthenia Classica Aetatis Novae. A Collection of Works by Russian Scholars in Ancient Greece and Roman History, 83-92, (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2013).

Referans23 Kholod, M. M. “The Financial Administration of Asia Minor under Alexander the Great: An Interpretation of Two Passages from Arrian's Anabasis”, T. Howe, S. Müller, R. Stoneman (ed.), Ancient Historiography on War and Empire, 136-148, (Oxford: Oxbow Press, 2017)

Referans24 Kinns, P., “Ionia: The Pattern of Coinage during the last century of the Persian Empire”, Revue des Etudes Anciennes, 91/1–2, (1989):183-193.

Referans25 Küçüker, S. D. "Thukydides’in Tarih’i Ekseninde Klasik Hellen Polis’lerinin Siyasi Statüsü", Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 74 (2019): 719-738

Referans26 Le Rider, G., “Alexander in Asia Minor”, A Burnett, U. Wartenberg, and R. Witschonke (ed.), Coins of Macedonia and Rome: Essays in Honour of Charles Hersh, 49-57, London: Spink 1998.

Referans27 Lohmann, Hans, “Zur historischen Topographie des südlichen Ionien”, Orbis Terrarum 8, (2002): 163-272.

Referans28 John Ma, Antiochos III and The Cities of Western Asia Minor (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Referans29 Maier, F. G., Griechische Mauerbauinschriften, Teil 1, Heidelberg, Quelle & Meyer,1959)

Referans30 De Martinis, Livia, “Alexander in Asia Minor. Reconsidering a Greek-Carian Inscription from Kaunos”, Bearzot Cinzia e Franca Landucci (ed.), Alexander’s Legacy, 219-236, Centro Ricerche e Documentazione sull’antichità Classica Monografie 39 (Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2016).

Referans31 Mørkholm, O., Erken Hellenistik Çağ Sikkeleri: Büyük İskender’in Tahta Çıkışından Apameia Barışına Kadar (İÖ. 336-188), çev. Oğuz Tekin (İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi, 2000)

Referans32 Nawotka, Krzysztof , Boulē and Dēmos in Miletus and Its Pontic Colonies from Classical Age until Third Century A.D (Wroclaw-Warsawa-Kraków, 1999.

Referans33 Nawotka, Krzysztof “Freedom of Greek Cities in Asia Minor in the Age of Alexander the Great”, Klio 85/1, (2003): 15-41.

Referans34 Nawotka, Krzysztof, Alexander the Great (Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010).

Referans35 Ostwald, M. Autonomia: Its Genesis and Early History, The American Philological Association, American Classical Studies, no. 11 (Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1982).

Referans36 Öncü, Fariz, “Persler/Akhaemenidler Dönemindeki Bölgelerarası Ticari İlişkiler Bağlamında MÖ 6. ve 5. Yüzyıl Sikke Definleri,” History Studies 11/1, (2019): 225-249.

Referans37 Patterson, Lee E., Kingship Myth in Ancient Greece, (Austin: University of Texas, 2010).

Referans38 Price, Martin J., The Coinage in the Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus. A British Museum Catalogue, Vol. I-II. (London: British Museum Press, 1991).

Referans39 Raaflaub, Kurt The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).

Referans40 Samuel, A.E., Greek and Roman Chronology: Calendars and Years in Classical Antiquity, (Munich: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1972).

Referans41 Schuler, Christof, Ländliche Siedlungen und Gemeinden im hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien Vestigia, Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte 50, Munich, 1998.

Referans42 Schuler, Christof, “Kırılganlık ve Direnç: Hellenistik Küçük Asya’da Hellen Kent Devletleri (Pόleis)”, Oğuz Tekin (ed.), Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Anadolu, Krallar, İmparatorlar, Kent Devletleri, 224-242. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2019.

Referans43 Sherwin-White, S. M., “Ancient archives: the edict of Alexander to Priene, a reappraisal”, Journal of Hellenic Studies 105 (1985): 69-89.

Referans44 Squillace, Giuseppe, “Editto di Alessandro Magno Per Priene”, Axon 2/2, (2018): 153-160.

Referans45 Strootman, R., “Kings and Cities in the Hellenistic Age”, R. Alston, O. van Nijf, C. Williamson (ed.) Political Culture in the Greek City After the Classical Age, 141-153. Leuven: Peeters, 2011.

Referans46 Tarn, William Woodthorpe, Alexander the Great, Vol. II: Sources and Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1979.

Referans47 Teegarden, David, Death to tyrants! Ancient Greek Democracy and the Struggle Against Tyranny. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.

Referans48 Thompson, Margaret., “The Coinage of Philip II and Alexander III”, B. Barr-Sharrar, E.N. Borza (ed.), Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times, 112-121. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1982.

Referans49 Thonemann, Peter, “Alexander, Priene, and Naulochon,”, P. Martzavou, N. Papazarkadas (ed.), Epigraphical Approaches to the Post-Classical Polis: Fourth Century BC to Second Century AD, 23-36. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Referans50 Thonemann, Peter, The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2015.

Referans51 Tüner Önen, Nihal, Phaselis Antik Kenti ve Teritoryumu. Antalya: Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 2008.

Referans52 Tüner Önen, Nihal., “Phaselis’li Entelektüeller I: Theodektes Rhetor, Tragedya Yazarı ve Bir Bilmece Ustası”, Cedrus 6/1 (2013): 125-150.

Referans53 Vacante, S., “Alexander the Great and the polis of Iasos: Salt and Democracy? Notes on the “Little Sea” Inscription (Iassos 24+30) and the Ekklesiastikon Decree (Iassos 20)”, Klio 93 (2011): 322-336.

Referans54 Wallace, Shane, The Freedom of the Greeks in the Early Hellenistic Period (337-262 BC), A Study in Ruler-City Relations, Edinburgh: PhD diss. University of Edinburgh, 2011.

Referans55 Wallace, Shane “Alexander and Democracy in the Hellenistic World”, Mikro Canevero and Benjamin Gray (ed.), The Hellenistic Reception of Classical Athenian Democracy and Political Thought. 45-72. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Referans56 Ziesmann, S., Autonomie und Münzprāgung in Griechenland und Kleinasien in der Zeit Philipps II und Alexanders des Groẞen. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2005.

Referans57 Aristot. Ath. Pol. Aristoteles, Athenaion Politeia. Kullanılan Metin: The Athenian Constitution: Eudemian Ethics. Virtues and Vices, translated by Harris Rackham, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935.

Referans58 Arr. Anab. Arrianus, Anabasis. Kullanılan Metin: Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-4, translated by P. A. Brunt, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1976.

Referans59 Dēm. Dēmosthenes, Orationes. Kullanılan Metin: Dēmosthenes Orations, Vol. I, Orations 1-17 and 2, translated by J.H. Vince, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1930.

Referans60 Diod. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike. Kullanılan Metin: Diodorus Siculus: Library of History, Volume VI: Books 14-15.19. Translated by C. H. Oldfather, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954; Volume VIII, Books 16.66-17, translated by B. Welles, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963; Volume X: Books 19.66-20, translated by Russel M. Geer, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954.

Referans61 GHI Greek Historical Inscriptions 404-323 BC, J. Rhodes & R. Osborne (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Referans62 HD Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg, G. Alföldy et al. https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/home

Referans 63 Hdt. Herodotos, Historiae. Kullanılan Metin: The Persian Wars, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume III: Books 5-7, translated by A. D. Godley, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920, 1922.

Referans64 I.Cilicie Inscriptions de Cilice, G. Dagron, D. Feissel (ed.), Paris: De Boccard, 1987.

Referans65 I Ephesos VII,1R. Merkelbach, J. Nollé, R. Meriç, S. Şahin (ed.), Die Inschriften von Ephesos, Teil 7.1: Nr. 3001– 3500 (Repertorium), Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag GmbH, 1981 (IK17.1).

Referans66 I Erythrai Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai, Teil I-2, H. Engelmann, R. Markelbach (ed.). Bonn, 1972-1973. (IK 1-2)

Referans67 I Iasos Die Inschriften von Iasos teil I: Nr. 1-218, W. Blümel (ed.), Bonn, 1985.

Referans68 I Mylasa W. Blümel, Die Inschriften von Mylasa. Teil 1-2, Bonn 1987-1988 (IK 34-35).

Referans69 I Stratonikeia Die Inschriften von Stratonikeia Teil II,1: Lagina, Stratonikeia und Umgebung, M.Ç. Şahin (ed.), Bonn, 1982.

Referans70 IG Inscriptiones Graecae, Inscriptiones Laconiae et Messeniae. Fasc. 1, Berlin.

Referans71 Insch. Prien Inschriften von Priene, H. Von Gaertringen (ed.). Berlin, 1909.

Referans72 I.Milet Das Delphinion in Milet, G. Kaweau, A. Rehm (ed.), Berlin. 1914.

Referans73 Paus. Pausanias, Periēgēsis tēs Hellados. Kullanılan Metin: Pausanias. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2, translated by W. H. S. Jones, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1918.

Referans74 Plin. Nat. Plinius, Naturalis Historia. Kullanılan Metin: Piny. Natural History, Volume II: Books 3-7, translated by H. Rackham, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1942.

Referans75 Plut. Sol. Plutarchus, Solon. Kullanılan Metin: Plutarch. Lives, Volume I: Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola. translated by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1914.

Referans76 Plut. Alex. Plutarchus, Alexandros. Kullanılan Metin: Plutarch. Lives, Volume VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar, translated by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1919.

Referans77 Polyain. Polyainos, Strategika. Kullanılan Metin: Polyainos: Strategika, griechisch und deutsch (Sammlung Tusculum), Berlin & Boston: De Gruter, 2017.

Referans78 Ps. Skylaks Pseudo Skylaks, Periplous. Kullanılan Metin: http://proje.akdeniz.edu.tr/mcri/mjh/2-1/MJH-20-Murat_Arslan-Pseudo_Skylaks_Periplous.pdf

Referans79 SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden

Referans80 SGDI Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften, H. Collitz et al. (ed). Göttingen.

Referans81 SNG Cop. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Royal collection of Coins and Medals Danish National Museum Part 33 Lycaonia-Cilicia. Copenhagen: Munsgard, 1956.

Referans82 SNG von Aulock Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland Sammlung v. Aulock. Heft:13 Kilikien, Berlin: Gebrüder Mann, 1966.

Referans83 Strab. Strabon, Geographika. Kullanılan Metin: Strabo. Geography, Volume VI: Books 13-14, translated by Horace Leonard Jones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1929.

Referans84 Syll.³ Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, W. Dittenberger (ed.). 3rd. edition, 4 volumes, Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1915-1924.

Referans85 TAM II Tituli Asiae Minoris, Vol. II: Tituli Lyciae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti, E. Kalinka (ed.). Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1920.

Referans86 Thuc. Thukydides. Kullanılan Metin: Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, Volume IV: Books 7-8. General Index, translated by C. F. Smith, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1923.

Referans87 Tod Tod, M. N., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, Vol. II, From 403 to 323 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.

Referans88 Xen. Hell. Xenophon, Hellenika. Kullanılan Metin: Xenophon. Hellenica, Volume I: Books 1-4, Volume II: Books 5-7, translated by Carleton L. Brownson. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1918, 1921.