SAN FRANCİSCO KONFERANSI GÖRÜŞMELERİ VE BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER KARARLARI IŞIĞINDA SELFDETERMİNASYON KAVRAMININ İNCELENMESİ

Bu çalışma uluslararası hukuk ve ilişkilerin en tartışmalı kavramlarından biri olan self-determinasyonun 20’nci yüzyıldaki gelişim sürecine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi ortaya çıkmakla birlikte, ilk defa Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı ile geniş kapsamlı bir uluslararası antlaşma içerisinde muğlak bir şekilde kendine yer bulan bu kavram San Francisco Konferansı’ndan itibaren detaylı bir incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Birleşmiş Milletler teşkilatı tarafından hayata geçirilen düzenlemeler özelinde incelenen self-determinasyon tartışmalarının temelde üç ana eksende yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. İç self-determinasyon ve dış self-determinasyon olarak ifade edilen birinci tartışma self-determinasyonun kapsamına yöneliktir. İlke ve hak kavramları üzerinden yapılan ikinci tartışma self-determinasyonun anlamına ilişkindir. Son tartışma ise self-determinasyona dayanacak olan özne, yani, “peoples” kavramı üzerinde yaşanmaktadır. Çalışma, literatürden ayrılan bir yönüyle San Francisco Konferansı tutanakları ile konuya ilişkin önem arz eden Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurul kararları görüşme tutanaklarını detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Bu anlamda çalışma, self-determinasyon kavramına ilişkin ilke-hak tartışmasının ikinci lehine artık son bulduğunu, ancak diğer iki tartışmanın daha sıcaklığını koruduğunu göstermektedir.

THE EXAMINATION OF THE CONCEPT OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN THE LIGHT OF THE SAN FRANCISCO PROCEEDINGS AND THE UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTIONS

This study focuses on the development process of self-determination in the 20th century, which is one of the most controversial concepts of international law and relations. Although emerged before the Second World War, this concept, which was ambiguously included in a comprehensive international agreement with the United Nations Charter for the fi rst time, has been subjected to a detailed examination in the study since the San Francisco Conference. It has been determined that the self-determination discussions, which are examined in terms of the regulations implemented by the United Nations, are basically held in three main axes. The fi rst discussion, expressed as internal self-determination and external self-determination, is about the extent of the concept. The second discussion, made through the concepts of principle and right, is about the meaning of self-determination. The last discussion is on the subject, namely “peoples”, who may rest on self-determination. The study examines in detail the minutes of the San Francisco Conference and the meeting minutes of the United Nations General Assembly resolutions, which are important on the subject, in a way that diff ers from the literature. In this sense, the study shows that the principle-right debate on the concept of self-determination is now ended in favor of the latter, but the other two discussions remain warm.

PDF

___

“Documents of The United Nations Conference on International Organization”, Volume 3, Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2020.
“Documents of The United Nations Conference on International Organization”, Volume 6, Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2020.
“Documents of The United Nations Conference on International Organization”, Volume 8, Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2020.
“Documents of The United Nations Conference on International Organization”, Volume 10, Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2020.
“Documents of The United Nations Conference on International Organization”, Volume 17, Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2020.
“Documents of The United Nations Conference on International Organization”, Volume 18, Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2020.
“The Logic of Secession”, 1980, 89(4), Yale Law Journal, s. 802-824.
Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2020.
Erişim Tarihi 17 Kasım 2020.
Erişim Tarihi 10 Kasım 2020.
Erişim Tarihi 10 Kasım 2020.
Erişim Tarihi 14 Kasım 2020.
Erişim Tarihi 07 Kasım 2020.
Erişim Tarihi 15 Kasım 2020.
Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2020.
15 G.A.O.R. 1003,1035,1059 and 1256.
15 G.A.O.R. 1073, 1104, 1136, 1138, 1200, 1249,1283.
25 G.A.O.R. A/C.6/ SR.1182 and Corr. 1 Erişim Tarihi 17 Kasım 2020.
25 G.A.O.R. Supp. No.18, s. 110. Erişim Tarihi 17 Kasım 2020.
25 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 28) at 121, U.N. Doc. A/8028 (1970) A/C.6/SR.1178 Erişim Tarihi 14 Kasım 2020.
A/C.6/SR.1180 Erişim Tarihi 14 Kasım 2020.
A/C.6/SR.1181 Erişim Tarihi 14 Kasım 2020.
Akbulut O, Barış İçinde Yaşamanın Hukuki Zemini, XII Levha Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2008.
Aral B, “Kollektif Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak Halkların Kendi Kaderlerini Tayin Hakkı”, 1999-2000, 21-22, İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, s. 109-120.
Arsava F, “Halkların Kendi Kaderini Tayin Etme Hakkının Tarihçesi ve Günümüzde Getirdiği Problemler”, 2013, 8(Prof.Dr. Aydın Zevkliler’e Armağan), Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, s. 387-404.
Asamoah O, “The Legal Eff ect of Resolutions of the General Assembly”, 1964, 3(2), Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, s. 210-230.
Berman O, “Sovereignty In Abeyance: Self-Determination And International Law”, 1988, 7(51), Wis. Int’l LJ, s. 52-103.
Bossuyt M, Guide to the “Travaux Preparatoires” of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Martinus Nihioff Publishers, 1987.
Brilmayer L, “Secession And Self-Determination: A Territorial Interpretation”, 1991, 16, Yale J. Int’l L, s. 177-202.
Brownlie I, Principles of Public International Law, Oxford University Press, 2008.
Busquets B, Morality and Legality of Secession, Springer International Publishing, 2020.
Cassese A, Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal, 2. Baskı, Cambridge University Press, 1996. CCPR/C/76/Add.6
Crawford J, “State Practice and International Law in Relation to Secession”, 1999, 69(1), British Yearbook of International Law, s. 85-117.
Cvijic S, “Self-Determination As A Challenge To The Legitimacy Of Humanitarian Interventions: The Case Of Kosovo”, 2007, 8(1), British Yearbook of International Law, s. 85-117.
Daes E, “An Overview Of The History Of Indigenous Peoples: Self- Determination And The United Nations”, 2008, 21(1), Cambridge Review of International Aff airs, s. 7-26.
Danspeckgruber W, The Self-Determination Of Peoples: Community, Nation, And State In An Interdependent World. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.
Draft International Covenants on Human Rights, UN General Assembly, 10th Session, 1 July 1955, A/2929. Erişim Tarihi 15 Kasım 2020.
Duursma J. C, Fragmentation and the International Relations of Microstates: Self-determination and Statehood, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Fisch J, The Right of Self-Determination of Peoples: The Domestication of an Illusion, (Çev: Anita Mage), Cambridge University Press, New York, 2015.
GA Res. 1514, UN GAOR, 15th Sess., Supp. No. 16, at 66, UN Doc. A/4684 (1960).
GA Res. 1654, UN GAOR, 16th Session (1960). Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2020.
General Assembly, 15th session: 947th plenary meeting, Wednesday, 14 December 1960, New York Erişim Tarihi 15 Kasım 2020.
Gilchrist H, “Colonial Questions at the San Francisco Conference”, 1945, 39(5), The American Political Science Review, s. 982-992.
Gottlieb G, “The Legitimacy of General Assembly Resolutions”, 1978, 17, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, s. 120-132.
Griffi oen C, Self-Determination as a Human Right: The Emergency Exit of Remedial Secession, Science Shop of Law, Utrecht, 2010.
Gunter M. M, “Self—Determination or Territorial Integrity: The United Nations in Confusion”, 1979, 141(3), World Aff airs, s. 203-216.
Hannum H, “Rethinking Self-Determination”, 1993, 34(1), Va. J. Int’l L., s. 1-69.
Horowitz D. L, “A Right to Secede?” in Stephen Macedo and Allen Buchanan (Ed.), Secession and Self-Determination, New York University Press, New York, 2003.
Horowitz D. L, “The Cracked Foundations Of the Right To Secede”, 2003, 14(2), Journal of Democracy, s. 5-17.
Ibhawoh B, “Testing The Atlantic Charter: Linking Anticolonialism, Self-Determination And Universal Human Rights”, 2014, 18(7-8), The International Journal of Human Rights, s. 842-860.
Kalaycı H, “Kendi Kaderini Tayin Kimlerin Hakkı?”, 2009, 54, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, s. 179-197.
Kelsen H, “The Old and the New League: The Covenant and the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals”, 1945, 39(1), The American Journal of International Law, s. 45-83.
Kelsen H, The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems, 7. Baskı, The Lawbook Exchange, 2000.
Kılınç D, “Self Determinasyon İlkesinin Azınlıklar Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, 2008, 12(1), Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 949-982.
Kirgis F. L, “The Degrees Of Self-Determination In The United Nations Era”, 1994, 88(2), The American Journal of International Law, s. 304-310.
Koçak M, “Self Determinasyon Hakkı ve Self Determinasyon Hakkı Teorileri”, 2018, 23(38), Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 85- 148.
Koskenniemi M, “National Self-Determination Today: Problems Of Legal Theory And Practice”, 1994, 43(2), International and Comparative Law Quarterly, s. 241-269.
Kuokkanenbio R, “Self-Determination and Indigenous Women’s Rights at the Intersection of International Human Rights”, 2012, 34(1), Human Rights Quarterly, s. 225-250.
Lenin V. I, Collected Works Volume 22, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1964.
Lynch A, “Woodrow Wilson And The Principle Of National Self- Determination: A Reconsideration”, 2002, 28(2), Review of International Studies, s. 419-436.
Malanczuk P, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, 7. Baskı, Routledge, 1997.
Masaryk T. G, Making of a State: Memories and Observations 1914- 1918, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London, 1927.
Mccorquodale R, “Self-Determination: A Human Rights Approach”, 1994, 43(4), The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, s. 857-885.
Meissner B, “The Right of Self-Determination after Helsinki and Its Signifi cance for the Baltic Nations”, 1981, 13(2), Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, s. 375-384.
Nanda V. P, “Self-Determination Under International Law: Validity of Claims to Secede”, 1981, 13(2), Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, s. 257-280.
Orenlichter D. F, “International Responses to Separatist Claims: Are Democratic Principles Relevant?” in Stephen Macedo and Allen Buchanan (Ed.), Secession and Self-Determination, New York University Press, New York, 2003.
Öberg M. D, “The Legal Eff ects of Resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ”, 2005, 16(5), s. 879-906.
Pomerance M, Self-Determination in Law and Practice: The New Doctrine in the United Nations, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1982.
Quane H, “The United Nations And The Evolving Right To Self- Determination”, 1998, 47(3), International and Comparative Law Quarterly, s. 537-572.
Ramcharan B. G, “Individual, Collective and Group Rights: History, Theory, Practice and Contemporary Evolution”, 1993, 1(1), International Journal of Group Rights, s. 27-44.
Sar C, “Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurul Kararının Hukuki Değeri”, 1966, 21(4), Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, s. 227-274.
Simpson B, “The United States And The Curious History Of Self- Determination”, 2012, 36(4), Diplomatic History, s. 675-694.
Simpson G. J, “The Diff usion of Sovereignty: Self-Determination in the Post-Colonial Age”, 1996, 32(2), Stanford Journal of International Law, s. 255-286.
Spiry E, “From Self-Determination to a Right to Self-Development for Indigenous Groups”, 1995, 38(129), German Yearbook of International Law, s. 129-152.
Sterio M, The Right to Self-Determination Under International Law, New York: Routledge, 2013.
Summers J. Peoples and International Law, 2. Baskı, Brill Nijhoff , Leiden, 2. Baskı, 2014.
The Case Concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Mali), 1986 I.C.J. 554, Dec. 22, 1986.
Throntveit T, “The Fable Of The Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson And National Self-Determination”, 2011, 35(3), Diplomatic History, s. 445-481.
United Nations General Assembly Offi cial Records, 17th Session, 1066th Plenary Meeting, 27 November 1961 Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2020.
Wilson H, International Law And The Use Of Force By National Liberation Movements, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988. Yearbook of United Nations 1946-47.