Toplumsal-bilişsel yakınlık ve işgücü hareketliliği: hemşehrilik bağları üzerinden bir irdeleme

İşgücü hareketliliği son yıllarda uluslararası yazında önemi giderek artmakta olan konuların başında gelmektedir. İş değiştirenbirisinin,yeniişinibulmasındaağırlıklıolarakiçindebulunduğutoplumsalilişkilerağınıkullanıyorolması, söz konusu yazında, toplumsal ve bilişsel yakınlık tartışmaları bağlamında ele alınmakta, ancak bu yakınlığın nasıl ölçülebileceği üzerinde ciddi bir şekilde durulmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle, hemşehrilik ilişkilerinin, temsili bir değişken olarak toplumsal yakınlığı ölçmek amacıyla kullanılabileceği varsayılmakta; ardından da çalışmanın örnek alanı olarak seçilen ve uzun zamandan beri Türkiye’de mobilya üretimi ile adını duyurmuş olan Ankara'daki Siteler sanayi bölgesine ilişkin veriler, toplumsal ağyapı çözümlemesi araçları kullanılarak, hemşehrilik ilişkileri ile işgücü hareketliliği arasındaki bağıntıyı irdelemek amacıyla çözümlenmektedir. Kentlerin birer erime potası olduğu gerçeğini bir kez daha ortaya koyan bu çalışma, bir yandan, toplumsal ağyapı çözümlemesi aracılığıyla bu erime potasının bir gösterge bazında nasıl izlenebileceğini göstermekte, diğer yandan, hemşehrilik ilişkilerinin, iş değiştiren birisinin yeni işini bulmasında bir toplumsal yakınlık ölçütü olabileceğini, ancak bununla birlikte, bu işlevini giderek yitirmekte olduğunu açığa vurmaktadır.

Social-cognitive proximity and labor mobility: an examination through the fellowmen ties

Labor mobility is one of the important topics gaining importance in recent years in the international literature. Although the fact thatmobile labors usually find their new jobs through the social relations of which they are part is discussed with reference to concepts of the social and cognitive proximity, there is almost no study devoted to the identification of the methods of measurement of the respective distance. In this study, firstly it is assumed that fellowmen relationships can be used as a proxy variable in order tomeasure the social proximity, and then databases compiled for Siteler, an industrial cluster located in Ankara and specialized in furniture making, is analyzed by employing the tools of the social network analysis in order to examine the relationships between fellowmen relationships and labor mobility. This study revealing the melting-pot characteristics of the cities, on the one hand, shows how tomonitor the respectivemelting-pot on the base of an indicator developed by employing social network analysis,ontheotherhand,unvealsthefactthatalthoughfellowmenrelationshipscanbetakenasameasureofsocial proximity facilitating the identification of new jobs for the mobile labors, the respective function of the fellowmen relationships is decreasing in importance.

PDF

___

Akbulut, M.T. (2008). Özel Sağlık Kuruluşlarında İşgücü Hareketliliği ve İşgücü Devir Oranını Etkileyen Faktörler, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, Hastane İşletmeciliği Bilim Dalı, Ankara.
Aslesen, H.V., Isaksen,A. ve Stambøl, L.S. (2004). KIBS and industrial development of cities: Labour mobility, innovation and client interaction. 44. Avrupa Bölge Bilimi Birliği Kongresi’nde (the 44th Congress of the European Regional Science Association) sunulan bildiri.
Bakke, E.W. (1954). Introduction. İçinde Labor Mobility and Economic Opportunity: Essays. Cambridge (Mass): M.I.T. Press, 1-7.
Başak, Z. (2005). Explaining Informalization via Labor Market Segmentation Theory: Evidence From Turkey, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İktisat Bölümü, ODTÜ.
Beyhan, B. (2006). The Role of Labor Mobility in the Cognitive Architecture of an Industrial Cluster: The Case of Siteler in Ankara. Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, ODTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı, Ankara.
Beyhan, B. (2007a). Evrim Benzetisi, Kurumsal İktisat ve Çağdaş Bölge-Mekan Bilimi. İçinde Özveren, E. (der.), Kurumsal İktisat. İmge, Ankara, 401-440.
Beyhan, B. (2007b). Örtük Bilginin Yerel ve Bölgesel İktisadi Kalkınmadaki Önemi Üzerine: Yöntembilimsel Mücadelelerin İç İçe Geçme Eğilimi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1): 1-20.
Beyhan, B. (2009). Üst Ölçek Planların İzlenmesi ve Degerlendirilmesi Üzerine: Kentsel ve Bölgesel Gözlemevlerinin Gerekliliği (On the Evaluation and Monitoring of Upper Scale Plans: The Neccesity of Urban and Regional Observatories). İçinde 3. Bölgesel Kalkınma ve Yönetişim Sempozyumu: ‘Planlamadan Uygulamaya’ - Bildiri Kitabı. Matsa Basımevi, Ankara, 133-203.
Beyhan, B. (2010a). Kamu Yönetimi ve Bölgesel Planlamada Düzgüsel Bölgelerin Açmazları ve İşlevsel Bölgelerin Tanımlanmasında İzlenebilecek Yöntemler Üzerine. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 19(4): 1-29.
Beyhan, B. (2010b). Socio-Spatial Characteristics of Labor Mobility and Innovation inside an Industrial Cluster: Some Reflections from Siteler in Ankara. 19-23 Ağustos 2010 tarihleri arasında “Yaratıcı Bilgi Ekonomisinde Sürdürülebilir Bölgesel Büyüme ve Kalkınma” teması ile düzenlenen 50. Avrupa Bölge Bilimi Birliği Kongresi’nde (the 50th Anniversary European Congress of the Regional Science Association International) sunulan bildiri, Jönköping, İsveç.
Borgatta, E.F. (2007). Jacob L. Moreno and Sociometry: A Mid-century Reminiscence. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70(4): 330–332.
Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G. ve Freeman, L.C. (2002). Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Analytic Technologies, Harvard, MA.
Breschi, S. ve Lissoni, F. (2003). Mobility and Social Networks: Localised Knowledge Spillovers Revisited. CESPRI Working Papers 142, CESPRI, Centre for Research on Innovation and Internationalisation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, İtalya.
Buğra, A. ve Keyder, Ç. (2003). New Poverty and the Changing Welfare Regime in Turkey. UNDP, Ankara.
Bunting, R.L. (1961). A test of the Theory of Geographic Mobility. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 15(1): 75-82.
Burt, R.S. (1976). Positions in Networks. Social Forces, 55(1): 93-122.
Burt, R.S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Caniëls, M. ve Romijn, H.A. (2003). Agglomeration advantages and capability building in industrial clusters: the missing link. Journal of Development Studies, 39(3):129-154.
Canman, D. (1975). Türkiye’de kesimlerarası işgücü hareketliliği: SBF mezunları üzerinde bir araştırma. Ankara: Türkiye ve Orta Doğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü Yayınları.
Castillo, V., Novick, M., Rojo, S. ve Yoguel, G. (2006). Employment Paths and Labor Mobility: Restrictions on the Development of Technical Competences, Globelics Africa Conference, South Africa.
Dahl, M.S. (2002). Embedded Knowledge Flows Through Labor Mobility in Regional Clusters in Denmark. ‘Yeni ve Eski Ekonomi’ konulu DRUID Yaz Konferansı’nda (the DRUID Summer Conference on Industrial Dynamics of the New and Old Economy - who is embracing whom?) sunulan bildiri.
Dahl, M.S. (2004). Embodied Knowledge Diffusion, Labor Mobility and Regional Dynamics: Do Social Factors Limit the Development Potential of Regions?. ‘Sanayi Dinamikleri, Yenilik ve Kalkınma’ konulu DRUID Yaz Konferansı’nda (the DRUID Summer Conference 2004 on Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development) sunulan bildiri.
Destré G., Lévy-Garboua L. ve Sollogoub M. (2008). Learning from experience or learning from others? Inferring informal training from a human capital earnings function with matched employer-employee data. Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(3): 919-938.
Erengezgin, B.C. (2007). A Socio-Spatial Approach to the Question of Class and Consciousness Formation in a Local Setting: the Case of Bursa Industrial Workers. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kentsel Politika Planlaması ve Yerel Yönetimler Bölümü, ODTÜ, Ankara.
Eriksson, R. ve Lindgren, U. (2009). Localized mobility clusters: Impacts of labour market externalities on firm performance. Journal of Economic Geography, 9(1): 33-53.
Erman, T. (1998). Becoming “Urban” or Remaining “Rural”: The Views of Turkish Rural-to-Urban Migrants on the “Integration” Question. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 30(4): 541- 561.
Evrenesoglu, I. (1973). Federal Almanya-Türkiye İşgücü Ilişkileri. Eskişehir.
Ford, J.G., Knight, M. ve Cramer, R. (1977). The Phenomenological Experience of Interpersonal Spacing. Sociometry, 40(4): 387-390.
Frederiksen, L. ve Sedita, S.R. (2005). Embodied Knowledge Transfer: Comparing inter-firm labor mobility in the music industry and manufacturing industries, DRUID Working Paper No. 05-14.
Freeman, L.C. (1992). The Sociological Concept of “Group”: An Empirical Test of Two Models. The American Journal of Sociology, 98(1): 152-166.
Freeman, L.C. (2004). The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science. Vancouver: Empirical Press.
Granovetter,M. (1973). The Strength ofWeak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6): 1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. (1983). The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited. Sociological Theory, 1: 201-233.
Greenberg, D. ve Mccall, J. (1974). Teacher Mobility and Allocation. Journal of Human Resources, 9(4): 480-502.
Hägerstrand, T. ([1953] 1967). Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago (Çeviren: Allan Pred).
Işık, O. ve Pınarcıoğlu, M.M. (2001). Nöbetleşe Yoksulluk: Sultanbeyli Örneği. İstanbul: İletişim.
Lansing, J.B. ve Mueller, E. (1967). The Geographic Mobility of Labor, Survey Research Center. Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Levine, N. (1973a). Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey. Social Forces, 51(3): 355-368.
Levine, N. (1973b). Value Orientation among Migrants in Ankara, Turkey: A Case Study. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 8(1/2): 50-68.
Mannheim, K. ([1929] 1954). Ideology and Utopia. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, (Çevirenler: Louis Wirth and Edward Shils).
Marsden, P.V.ve Campbell, K. (1984). Measuring Tie Strength. Social Forces, 63:482-501.
McDougall, W. (1909). An Introduction to Social Psychology. Londra: Methuen & Co.
Møen, J. (2000). Is Mobility of Technical Personnel a Source of R&D Spillovers?. Working Paper 7834, NBER Working Paper Series.
Møen, J. (2007). R&D spillovers from subsidized firms that fail: Tracing knowledge by following employees across firms. Research Policy, 36(9): 1443-1464.
Montgomery, J.D. (1991). Social Networks and Labor-Market Outcomes: Toward an Economic Analysis. The American Economic Review, 81(5): 1408-1418.
Moreno, J.L. (1934). Who Shall Survive? A New Approach to the Problem of Human Interrelations. Washington D.C.: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing.
Moreno, J.L. (1937). Sociometry in Relation to Other Social Sciences. Sociometry, 1(1/2): 206-219.
Moreno, J.L. (1947). Progress and Pitfalls in Sociometric Theory. Sociometry, 10(3): 268-272.
Moreno, J.L. ve Jennings, H.H. (1938). Statistics of Social Configurations. Sociometry, 1(3/4): 342- 374.
Myers, C.A. (1954). Labor Mobility in Two Communities. İçinde Labor Mobility and Economic Opportunity: Essays. Cambridge (Mass): The MIT Press, 68-79.
Nooteboom, B. (1999a). Innovation and inter-firm linkages: new implications for policy. Research Policy, 28: 793–805.
Nooteboom, B. (1999b). Innovation, learning and industrial organisation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23: 127-150.
Nooteboom, B. (2002). Trust: Forms, Foundations, Functions, Failures and Figures. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Palmer, G. L. ve Brainerd, C. P. (1954). Labor Mobility in Six Cities: A Report on the Survey of Patterns and Factors. İçinde Labor Mobility, 1940 – 1950. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Parnes, H.S. (1954). Research on labor mobility; an appraisal of research findings in the United States. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Piaget, J. ([1929] 1971). The Child’s Conception of the World. Trowbridge ve Londra: Redwood Press Limited (Çevirenler: Joan ve Andrew Tomlinson).
Piaget, J. (1932). The Moral Judgment of the Child. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press
Power, D. ve Lundmark, M. (2003). Working through knowledge pools: the effect of labour market dynamics on the transference of knowledge and ideas in industrial clusters. ‘Bilginin Yaratılması, Paylaşılması ve Aktarımı’ konulu DRUID Yaz Konferansı’nda (the DRUID Summer Conference on “Creating, Sharing and Transferring Knowledge”) sunulan bildiri.
Scott, J. (2004). Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. Londra: SAGE Publications.
Şenyapılı, T. (1981). Gecekondu: ‘Çevre’ İşçilerin Mekanı. Ankara: ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Basım İşliği.
Tüzün, G. (1981). A Study on Labor Mobility in Three Turkish Cities. Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University (the study financed by a grant from Volkswagen Foundation).
Vinodrai, T. (2005). Locating Design Work: Innovation, Institutions and Local Labour Market Dynamics, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Toronto Üniversitesi, Coğrafya Bölümü.
Wirth, L. (1931). Culture Conflict and Delinquency. I. Culture Conflict andMisconduct. Social Forces, 9(4): 484-492.
Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a Way of Life. The American Journal of Sociology, 44(1): 1-24.
Wirth, L. (1939). Social Interaction: The Problem of the Individual and the Group. The American Journal of Sociology, 44(6): 965-979.
Wirth, L. (1942). The Metropolitan Region as a Planning Unit. İçinde: H. James (der.) American Planning and Civic Annual. Union Trust Building, Washington, D.C., Mount Pleasant Press, J. Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, 174-184.
Wirth, L. (1954). Preface. İçinde: L. Wirth ve E. Shils (çeviren ve derleyenler) Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia. Harcourt, New York: Brace and World, xiii-xxxi.
Wolfe, D.A. ve Gertler, M.S. (2004). Clusters from the Inside and Out: Local Dynamics and Global Linkages. Urban Studies, 41(5/6): 1071-1093.
Yoder, D. (1954). Manpower Mobility: Two Studies. İçinde Labor Mobility and Economic Opportunity: Essays. Cambridge (Mass): The MIT Press, 80-91.
Zarka, C. (1967). Policies for Promoting Labor Mobility in Selected Western European Countries. International Labor Review, 509-524.
İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI
Adaman, F. ve Keyder, Ç. (2006). Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Slum Areas of Large Cities in Turkey. http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/social_inclusion/docs/2006/study_turkey_en.pdf (erişim tarihi 18 Ocak 2011).
Beyhan, B. (2005). Index Creator: A Set of Excel Macros for Calculation of LQ, Chi-Sqr and Dissimilarity Indices with additional support for find-maximum-assign-tag, internet aracılığıyla ulaşılabilir; URL http://www.geocities.com/burakbeyhan/ (en son erişim tarihi 18.08.2006)
Beyhan, B. (2011). Inter-Firm Social Networks Created by Mobile Laborers: A Case Study on Siteler in Ankara. The Journal of Social Structure, 12(1): 1-33. http://www.cmu.edu/joss/ content/articles/ volume12/Beyhan.pdf (erişim tarihi 08 Marth 2011).
Nooteboom, B. (2006). Cognitive Distance in and Between CoP’s and Firms: Where Do Exploitation and Exploration Take Place, and How are They Connected?. CentER Disussion Paper Series No. 2007-04 internet üzerinden ulaşılabilir, http://ssrn.com/abstract=962330.
Richards, W. ve Seary, A. (2000). Eigen Analysis of Networks. The Journal of Social Structure, 1(2): http://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/articles/volume1/RichardsSeary.html (erişim tarihi 16 Haziran 2006).