Uluslararası Hukuka Göre Afganistan Suyollarının Hukuki Durumu

Çalışmamızda Afganistan Suyolları, uluslararası su hukuku açısından incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda hem Afganistan suyollarının şimdiki durumu açıklanmakta ve komşu devletlerle düzenlenmiş mevcut su andlaşmaları ayrıntılı bir biçimde ele alınmaktadır hem de uluslararası düzeyde su hukukun kurallarına göre, Afganistan’ın gelecekteki muhtemel suyolları üzerinde projeler için, hukuksal bir dayanak bulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu amacı göz önünde tutarak, uluslararası su hukukunda kabul gören, uluslararası suyollarının hakça, makul ve optimum kullanım ilkesinin ışığında, suyolları üzerinde Afganistan’ın gelecekteki muhtemel tüm projelerinin hukuka uygun olup olmadığı tartışılmaktadır.

This paper is evaluating Afghanistan`s watercourses according to international water law. In this context the present statue of Afghanistan’s watercourses and the signed contracts on water issues with all neighbor countries, will be evaluate with full details. Then this paper will study to find legal base for Afghanistan’s probable future projects on watercourses according to international water law rules. For this purpose, as the rule of equitable, reasonable and optimum utilization of international watercourses is accepted by international water law, so it will be seen whether the future probable projects of Afghanistan on watercourses is violating the principal of equitable, reasonable and optimum utilization of international watercourses or not.

___

  • Ahmad, M., ve Wasiq, M. (2004). Water resource development in northern Afghanistan and its implications for Amu Darya Basin. Washington, D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.
  • Ahmad, S. (2010). Towards Kabul water treaty: managing shared water resources – policy issues and options. Karachi: İnternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Pakistan.
  • Aust, A. (2014). Modern treaty law and practice (3.baskı). London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Azimi, M. A. (2003). Afghanistan’s geography (3. baskı). Kabul: Muhakek yayınları.
  • Azimi, M. A. (2011). Geographical fundaments of Afghanistan economy (1. baskı). Kabul: Khurasan Yayınları.
  • Aziz, K. (2007). Need for a Pak-Afghan treaty on management of joint water courses. Peshawar: Regional Institute of Policy Research and Training, Peshawar (NWFP).
  • Brasseur, B. L. (2011). Recognizing the durand line, a way forward for Afghanistan and Pakistan? New York: The EastWest Institute .
  • Caponera, D. A. (1980). The law of international water resources, Legislative Study No. 23. Rome: Food And Agriculture Organization of The United Nations (FOA), Legislation Branch Legal Office.
  • Dominguez, F. J. Lowry, R. L. ve Werb, C. E. (1951). Report of the Helmand River Delta Commission, Afghanistan and İran. Washington D.C. http://scottshelmandvalleyarchives.org/docs/evl-51-18.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2015).
  • Emami, M. (2002). Hirmand transboundary river and its effects on security issues “Rodkhan-e-Marzi Hirmend ve Asarat-e-Amniyeti-e-An”. Quarterly Journal of Strategic Defence Studies. (13,14), 71 -110.
  • Ezati, E. Khazri, H. ve Nikfarjam, M. (2011). Tahlil-e-bar hidropolitik-e-sharq-e-İran. Faselname-eİlmi Pozhoheshe-e-Negareshhay-e-Now Dar Jughrafya-e-İnsani (1), 95-113.
  • Fahim, N. (2012). Aab arsa-e-taqabul-e-manafe-e-Afghanistan ba hamsayagan. Kabul: Aazem Publications.
  • Fahim, N. (2015). Waziat-e-huquqi-e-hakem bar rodkhana-e-Helmand. Kabul: Aazem Publications.
  • Favre, R. ve Kamal, G. (2004). Watershed atlas of Afghanistan, working document for planners. Kabul: Ministry of Irrigation,Department of Water Resources and Environment of Afghanistan and FAO.
  • Friedmann, W. (1963). The uses of “general principles” in the development of international law. The American Journal of International Law, 57(2), 279-299.
  • Fipps, G. (2007). Afghanistan. Guy Fipps, Ph.D., P.E. Professor and Extension Agricultural Engineer - Irrigation, Water Management: http://gfipps.tamu.edu/Afghanistan/Transboundary%20Water%20Issues26-04-07.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01. 2015).
  • Food & Agriculture Org [FAO]. (1985). Systematic index of international water resources treaties, declarations, acts and cases, by basin, Legislative Study (1.Cilt). Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN.
  • Garg, S. K. (1999). International and interstate river water disputes. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications.
  • Gabcikovo-Ngymaros Projesi Davası. (1998). Case concerning Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project, Hungary vs Slovakia, İCJ 1997. İnternational Legal Materials (37. Cilt) ss. 162-242
  • Ghubar, M. G. (1995). Afghanistan dar masir-e-tarikh (6. baskı). Tehran: İntesharat-e-Jamhori.
  • Goes, B. Howartha, S., Wardlawb, R. Hancockc, I. ve U.N. P. (2015). Integrated water resources management in an insecure river basin: a case study of Helmand River Basin, Afghanistan. International Journal of Water Resources Development. doi:10.1080/07900627.2015.1012661
  • Habib, H. (2014). Water related problems in Afghanistan. International Journal of Educational Studies, 1 (3), 137-144.
  • Hafeznia, M. R. Mujtahedzadeh, P. ve Alizadeh, J. (2006). Hidropolitik-e-Hirmend ve tasirat-e-aan bar rawabet-e-siyasi-e-İran ve Afghanistan (Hirmand hydropolitic and its effect on the political relations of Iran and Afghanistan). Modares-Ulum-e-İnsani, 2(10), 83-103.
  • Hanasz, P. (2011). The politics of water security in the Kabul River Basin. Austrulia: Future Directions International Pty Ltd.
  • Haqiqi, Y. M. (2005). Afghanistan ve İran. Mashhad: Astan Aqdas Rezawi Print.
  • Indus Water Treaty. (1964). Legislative Series, Legislative Texts and treaty provisions concerning the utilization of international rivers for other purposes than navigation. United Nations. New York. ss. 300-366
  • İRoA. (2008). Water resources managment. Kabul: Afghanistan Nation Development Strategey Secretariat.
  • İran-Turkmenistan Friendship Agreement. (2000). Water Related Laws. Ministry of Energy, Legal Office, İran: http://law.moe.gov.ir/ aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015).
  • Kiani, K. (2013). Pakistan, Dawn: http://www.dawn.com/news/1038435/pakistan-afghanistan-mullover-power-project-on-kunar-river (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2015).
  • King, M. ve Sturtewagen, B. (2010). Making the most of Afghanistan’s river basins; opportunities for regional cooperation. New York: EastWest İnstitute.
  • Kohandazh. (2014). Abgiri-e-band-e-salma ta char mah-e-diger ba takhir oftad. Kohandazh: http://kohandazh.com/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2015).
  • Kohistaninijad, M. (2002). Hirmand waters national interests sacrificed for regional relations “Abe-Hirmend manafi-e-mili dar qurbangah rawabet-e-mantekaye”. Quarterly Journal of Foreign Affairs History (11), 93-147.
  • McCaffrey, S. (2007). The law of international watercourses (2. baskı 2010). New York: Oxfor University Press.
  • Micklin, P. (1998). International and regional responses to the Aral Crisis : an overview of efforts and accomplishments. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 39 (7), 399-417.
  • Micklin, P. (2002). Water in the Aral Sea Basin of Central Asia: cause of conflict or cooperation? Eurasian Geography and Economics, 505-528.
  • Mirza, U. (2013). Joint LEAD-QAU conference on water issues: experts weigh in on Pakistan transboundary water issues. Lead Update. İslamabad: Lead.
  • Mith, N. ve Pitter, H. (2003). Afghanistan’s environmental evaluation after war. Kabul: United Nations Environmental Programe.
  • Mojtahed-Zadeh, P. (2007). The small players of the great game: the settlement of Iran’s eastern borderlands and the creation of Afghanistan. Islamic Studies Series. New York: Routledge.
  • Muzhde, W. (2010). Rawabet-e-siyasi-e-İran ve Afganistan dar qarn-e-bistum. Kabul: Bengah Entesharat-e-Maiwand.
  • Naibkhel, A. (2008). Qarardadha-e-Afghanistan (Afganistan andaşmaları) (2 baskı). Kabul: İntişarate-Maiwand.
  • Palau, R. G. (2011). Afghanistan’s transboundary water resources: regional dimensions resources: regional dimensions. Kabul: Civil-Military Fusion Centre (CFC).
  • Peterson, S. (2013). Why a dam in Afghanistan might set back peace. The Christian Science Monitor: http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2013/0730/Why-a-dam-in-Afghanistan-might-set-back-peace (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015).
  • Polat, N. (2002). Boundary issues in central asia. Leiden: Martinus-Brill-Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Rahaman, M. M. (2012). Principles of transboundary water resources management and water-related agreements in Central Asia: an analysis. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28 (3), 475-491.
  • Renner, M. (2009). Water challenges in Central-South Asia. Noref Policy Brief (4).
  • Saber, S. (2010). Iran accused of trying to halt Afghanistan’s Salma Dam. About Environment News Service (ENS): http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/feb2010/2010-02-16-01.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015).
  • Samani, J. M. (2004). Manab-e-aab-e-dasht-e-sistan. mutaleate-e- zirbinai, mutaleat-e-hukuki, tehran. http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/download/734820 (Erişim Tarihi: 13. 05. 2015).
  • Sar, C. (1970). Uluslararası nehirlerden endüstriyel ve tarımsal amaçlarla faydalanma hakkı. Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası.
  • Schreuer, C. H. (1974). Unjustified enrichment in international law. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 22 (2), 281-301.
  • Spoor, M. ve Krutov, A. (2003). The ‘power of water’ in a divided Central Asia. Perspectives on Global Development and Technolog, 2 (3-4), 593-614.
  • Thomasa, V. ve Varzi, M. M. (2015). A legal licence for an ecological disaster: the inadequacies of the 1973 Helmand/Hirmand water treaty for sustainable transboundary water resources development. International Journal of Water Resources Development. doi:10.1080/07900627.2014.1003346
  • Thomson West. (2006). Balck’s Law Dictionary (3. baskı). (Ed: B. A. Garner,) Texas, United States: 1996 West Publishing Co.
  • United Nations. (1996). Year book of the international law commission 1994 (2. Cilt). Geneva: United Nations Publications.
  • United Nations. (2001). Letter dated 20 September 2001 from the permanent representative of the islamic republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the secretary-general. United Nations, A/56/393–S/2001/896.
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2006). History of environmental change in the Sistan Basin. Geneva: UNEP Post-Conflict Branch.
  • UNWC. (1998). Convention on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. legislative study 65, Sources Of İnternational Water Law. Rome: Development Law Service FAO Legal Office. ss. 29-44
  • Upreti, T. (2006). International watercourses law and its application in South Asia. Ramshapath, Kathmandu: Pairavi Prakashan (Publishers & Distributors).
  • Vick, M. J. (2014). Steps towards an Afghanistan–Pakistan water-sharing agreement. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 30 (2), 224-229. doi:10.1080/07900627.2014.886471
  • Vohryzek-Griest, A. T. (2008). Unjust enrichment unjustly ignored: opportunities and pitfalls in bringing unjust enrichment claims under ICSID. Yale Law School Student Scholarship at Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository. http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/student_papers/72 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2015).
  • Wegerich, K. (2011). Water resources in Central Asia: regional stability or patchy make-up? Central Asian Survey, 30 (2), 275-290
  • Wolf , A. T. ve Newton, J. T. (2007). Case study of transboundary dispute tesolution: the indus water treaty; transboundary freshwater dispute database (TFDD). Oregon State University. http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Indus_New.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 26.04. 2015).