The epidemiology of anxiety disorders

Anksiyete bozuklukları toplumda en yaygın görülen psikiyatrik bozukluklardır. Onlar işlev bozukluklarına neden oldukları, yaşam kalitesini düşürdükleri, yüksek komorbiditeye sahip oldukları için toplum açısından çok önemlidir. Bu gözden geçirmede panik bozukluğu, genelleşmiş anksiyete bozuklukları, fobik bozukluklar, obsesif kompulsif bozukluk ve travma sonrası stress bozukluğu gibi anksiyete bozukluklarının yaygınlık oranları gözden gçirilmiştir. Ayrıca yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi, medeni durum, gelir düzeyi, stresli yaşam olayları, genetic ve pozitif aile öyküsü gibi anksiyete bozukluklarının risk etkenleri de gözden geçirilmiştir.

The epidemiology of anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders are the psychiatric disorders that are seen the most prevalent in general community. They are very important from point of view of community mental health because they cause functional impairment, decrease quality of life, and have the high comorbidity. In this review, it has been reviewed that the prevalence rates of anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. In addition, it has been also reviewed the risk factors of anxiety disorders, such as age, gender, educational level, marital status, income level, stressful life events, genetics and positive family history.

PDF

___

1. Dogan O. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders. NK Oğuzhanoğlu, (Ed.), Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Special Issue 2010; 3:9-18. (In Turkish)
2. Dogan O. Psychiatric Epidemiology. Sivas, Esform Ofset, 2011, p.285-308. (In Turkish)
3. Hollander E, Simeon D. Anxiety disorders. RE Hales, SC Yudofsky, GO Gabbard, (Eds.), Textbook of Psychiatry, fifth ed., Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008, p.505-607.
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Ed., Text Revision, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
5. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992.
6. Regier DA, Boyd JH, Burke JD, Rae DS, Myers JK, Kramer M, et al. One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States: based on five epidemiologic catchment area sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:977-986.
7. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshle- man S, et al. Life-time and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8-19.
8. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disor-ders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:617-627.
9. Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, De Graaf R, Demyt- tenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Lifetime Prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initia-tive. World Psychiatry 2007; 6:168-176.
10. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) Project. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; Suppl.420:21-27.
11. Stein DJ, Seedat S, Herman A, Moomal H, Heeringa SG, Kessler RC, et al. Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disor-ders in South Africa. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 192:112-117.
12. Bonnewyn A, Bruffaerts R, Vilagut G, Almansa J, Demyttenaere K. Lifetime risk and age-of-onset of mental disorders in the Belgian general population. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatric Epidemiol 2007; 42:522-529.
13. Oakley-Browne MA, Wells JE, Scott KM, McGee MA, New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research Team. Lifetime Prevalence and Projected Lifetime Risk of DSM-IV Disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006; 40:865-874.
14. van Balkom AJ, Beekman AT, de Beurs E, Deeg DJ, van Dyck R, van Tilburg W. Comorbidity of the anxiety disorders in a community- based older population in the Nether-lands. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101:37-45.
15. Kirmizioglu Y, Dogan O, Kugu N, Akyuz G. Prevalence of Anxiety disorders among elderly people. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24:1026-1033.
16. Preville M, Boyer R, Grenier S, Dube M, Voyer P, Punti R, et al., Scientific Committee of the ESA Study. The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Quebec's older adult population. Can J Psychiatry 2008; 53:822-832.
17. Doğan O, Gülmez H, Ketenoğlu C, Kılıçkap Z, Özbek H, Akyüz G, et al. Ruhsal Bozuklukların Epidemiyolojisi (Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disorders). Sivas, Dilek Matbaası, 1995 (In Turkish).
18. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Shear K, Walters EE. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:415-424.
19. Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Smith S, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agora- phobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:363-374.
20. Serrano-Blanco A, Palao DJ, Luciano JV, Pinto-Meza A, Lujan L, Fernandez A, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in primary care: results from the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders in Primary Care Study (DASMAP). Soc Psychiatr Psychiatric Epidemiol 2010; 45:201-210.
21. Beekman AT, Bremmer MA, Deeg DJ, van Balkom AJ, Smit JH, de Beurs E, et al. Anxiety disorders in later life: a report from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998; 13:717-726.
22. Corna LM, Cairney J, Herrmann N, Veldhuizen S, McCabe L, Streiner D. Panic disorder in later life: results from a National Survey of Canadians. Int Psychogeriatrics 2007; 19:1084-1096.
23. Ruscio AM, Brown TA, Chiu WT, Sareen J, Stein MB, Kessler RC. Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med 2008; 38:15-28 .
24. Chou KL. Specific phobia in older adults: evidence from the Natio- nal Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 17:376-386.
25. Magee WJ, Eaton WW, Wittchen HU, McGonagle KA., Kessler RC. Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:159-168.
26. Pietrini F, Lelli L, Lo Sauro C, Faravelli C. Epidemiology of social phobia. Rivista di Psichiatria 2009; 44:203-213.
27. İzgiç F, Akyüz G, Doğan O, Kuğu N. Social phobia among university students and its relations to self-esteem and body image. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49:630-634.
28. Bella TT, Omigbodun OO. Social phobia in Nigerian university students: prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatric Epidemiol 2009; 44:458-463.
29. Cairney J, McCabe L, Veldhuizen S, Corna LM, Streiner D, Herr- mann N. Epidemiology of social phobia in later life. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:224-233.
30. Chou KL. Social anxiety disorder in older adults: evidence from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Affect Disord 2009; 119:76-83.
31. Yoldascan E, Ozenli Y, Kutlu O, Topal K, Bozkurt AI. Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in turkish university students and assessment of associated factors. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9:40.
32. de Vries GJ, Olff M. The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in the Netherlands. J Trauma Stress 2009; 22:259-267.
33. Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Findings of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1630-1634.
34. Breslau N, Davis GC. Posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults: risk factors for chronicity. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:671-675.
35. Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Dansky BS, Saunders BE, Best CL. Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61:984-991.
36. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes, M, Nelson CB. Post- traumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:1048-1060.
37. van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Boyle M. Post-traumatic stress disorder in Canada. CNS Neurosci & Ther 2008; 14:171-181.
38. Richardson LK, Frueh BC, Acierno R. Prevalence estimates of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: critical review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010; 44:4-19.
39. Masho SW, Ahmed G. Age at sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder among women: prevalence, correlates, and implica- tions for prevention. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 2007; 16:262-271.
40. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, Locke BZ, Keith SJ, Judd LL, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA 1990; 264:2511-2518.
41. Erol N, Kılıç C, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek Z. Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Profili Raporu. Ankara, Eksen Tanıtım, 1998 (In Turkish).
42. Dilbaz N, Kut A, Kocyigit H, Okay T, Acikgoz C, Bayam G. Specific phobia in Turkish university students: prevalence and subtypes. XXII. World Congress of Psychiatry, Yokohama, August 24-29 2002.
43. Grant BF, Hasin DS, Blanco C, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Goldstein RB, et al. The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1351-1361.
44. Dilbaz N, Kocyigit H, Bayam G, Kut A, Okay T, Acikgoz C. The point prevalence of obsessive compulsive disorder in Turkish university students. XXII. World Congress of Psychiatry, Yokohama, August 24-29 2002.
45. Carter RM, Wittchen HU, Pfister H, Kessler RC. One-year preva- lence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in a Nationally Representative Sample. Depression and Anxiety, 2001: 13:78-88.
46. Chou FH, Wu HC, Chou P, Su CY, Tsai KY, Chao SS, et al. Epide- miologic psychiatric studies on post-disaster impact among Chi-Chi Earthquake Survivors in Yu-Chi, Taiwan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 61:370-378.
47. Salcioglu E, Basoglu M, Livanou M. Post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among survivors of the 1999 Earthquake in Turkey. Disasters 2007; 31:115-129.
48. Karamustafalioglu OK, Zohar J, Güveli M, Gal G, Bakim B, Fostick L, et al. Natural course of posttraumatic disorder: a 20-month pro- spective study of Turkish Earthquake survivors. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:882-889.
49. Priebe S, Grappasonni I, Mari M, Dewey M, Petrelli F, Costa A. Posttraumatic stress disorder six months after an earthquake: findings from a Community Sample in a rural region in Italy. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatric Epidemiol 2009; 44:393-397.
50. Thavichachart N, Tangwongchai S, Worakul P, Kanchanatawan B, Suppapitiporn S, Pattalung AS, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder of the tsunami survivors in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2009: 92:420-429.
51. Hepp U, Moergeli H, Buchi S, Bruchhaus-Steinert H, Kraemer B, Sensky T, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder in serious accidental injury: 3-year follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 192:376-383.
52. Schnyder U, Wittmann L, Friedrich-Perez J, Hepp U, Moergeli H. Posttraumatic stress disorder following accidental injury: rule or exception in Switzerland? Psychother Psychosom 2008; 7:111-118.
53. Yasan A, Saka G, Ertem M, Ozkan M, Ataman M. Prevalence of PTSD and related factors in communities living in conflictual area: Diyarbakir case. Torture 2008; 18:29-37.
54. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:317-325.
55. Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Hommer D. Reduced benzodiazepine sensitivity in panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:534-538.
56. Ansseau M, Dierick M, Buntinkx F, Cnockaert P, De Smedt J, van den Haute M, et al. High prevalence of mental disorders in primary care. J Affect Disord 2004; 78:49-55.
57. Sharpe M, Baldwin D, Walker J. Neurotic, stress-related and soma- toform disorders. EC Johnstone, DC Owens, SM Lawrie, AM McIn- tosh, M Sharpe, (Eds.), Companion to Psychiatric Studies, eight ed., Edinburgh, Elsevier, 2010, p.453-491.
58. Stein MB. An epidemiologic perspective on social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(Suppl.12):3-8.
59. Eaton WW, Kessler RC, Wittchen HU, Magee WJ. Panic and panic disorder in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:413-420.
60. Tükel R, Demir T, Kızıltan E, Demir D. Sosyal fobide klinik özellik- ler: 42 olgunun değerlendirilmesi, Archives of Neuropsychiatry 1997; 34:103-112. (In Turkish)
61. Fineberg N, Roberts A. Obsessive compulsive disorder: a twenty- first century perspective. N Fineberg, D Marazziti, DJ Stein, (Eds.), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Practical Guide, London, Martin Dunitz, 2001, p.1-13.
62. Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle M, Bienvenu OJ 3rd, Liang KY, LaBuda M, et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:358-363.
63. Grant JE, Mancebo MC, Pinto A, Williams KA, Eisen JL, Rasmus- sen SA. Late-onset obsessive compulsive disorder: clinical charac- teristics and psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatry Res 2007; 152:21-27.
64. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Hasin DS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of bipolar I disorder and Axis I and II disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1205-1215.
65. Horwath E, Cohen RS, Weissman MM. Epidemiology of depressive and anxiety disorders. MT Tsuang, M Tohen, (Eds.), Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology, second ed., New York, Wiley-Liss, 2002, p.389-426.
66. Özcan M, Uğuz F, Çilli AS. Ayaktan psikiyatri hastalarında yaygın anksiyete bozukluğunun yaygınlığı ve ek tanılar. Türk Psikiyatri Derg 2006; 17:276-285. (In Turkish)
67. Olff M, Langeland W, Draijer N, Gersons BP. Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull 2007; 133:183-204.
68. Kun P, Chen X, Han S, Gong X, Chen M, Zhang W, et al. Preva- lence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Sichuan province, China after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. Public Health 2009; 123:703-707.
69. Otto MW, Pollack MH, Jenike MA, Rosenbaum JF. Anxiety disor- ders and their treatment. AM Nicholi Jr, (Ed.), The Harvard Guide to Psychiatry, Cambridge, the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999, p.233-234.
70. Marteinsdottir I, Svensson A, Svedberg M, Anderberg UM, von Knorring L. The role of life events in social phobia. Nordic J Psychiatry 2007; 61:207-212.
71. Aslan H, Ünal M, Alpaslan ZN. Ayaktan izlenen obsesif kompulsif bozukluk olgularında psikososyal özellikler. Archives of Neuro- psychiatry 1996; 33:169-176. (In Turkish)