Ahmet Şemsettin TAN, Ali İhsan ÖZTÜRK, Üzeyir KARACA

Tozlayıcı olarak bal arısı kullanımının ayçiçeğinde verim ve kaliteye etkileri

Bu araştırmanın amacını ayçiçeğinde an polinasyonunun verim ve yerim komponentleri ile ürün kalitesi üzerine etkilerini saptamak oluşturmuştur. Araştırma Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü (ETAE), Menemen-İzmir'de, 1997 ve 1998 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Deneme split plot (bölünmüş parseller) olarak, tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde ve 3 tekerrürlü. olarak kurulmuştur. Deneme Konuları: 1. Ansız, izole olarak yetiştirilen ayçiçekleri; 2. Anlı parseller ve; 3. Doğal koşullarda, açıkta yetiştirilen ayçiçeği parselleri olmuştur. Süper-25, AS-503 hibrit çeşitleri ve ETAE tarafından geliştirilen açık döllenen EGE 2001 çeşidinin kullanıldığı deneme parsellerinde gözlenen ve ölçülen karakterler: Parsel verimi (g), 1000 tane ağırlığı (g), kabuk oranı (%), yağ oranı (%), protein oranı (%), tane boyu (mm) ve tane eni (mm) olmuştur. Deneme sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde anlı yetiştirmenin uygulandığı konuda her iki yılda da (1997 ve 1998) olmak üzere sırasıyla 444 kg/da ve 413 kg/da olarak en yüksek verim değerine ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte arışız parsellerden 1997 ve 1998 yıllarında sırasıyla 349 kg/da ve 289 kg/da verim değerleri elde edilmiştir. Yıla ve çeşide göre değişmekle birlikte, genel olarak denemede yer alan her üç çeşidin verim değerlerine bakıldığında, arı (Apis mellifera L.) polinasyonu sağlanan parsellere açıkta yetiştirilen ve ansız parsellere göre yüksek verim değerlerine ulaşıldığı söylenebilir. Nitekim arı polinasyonunun ansız parsellere göre 1997 yılında % 31,83 - %82,01; 1998 yılında ise %18,75 - 68,60 arasında verim artışına neden olduğu belirtilmiştir. Sonuç olarak arı polinasyonunun yüksek verim değerleri yanında 1000 tane oranı, tane eni ve boyu, yağ ve protein oranları üzerinde etkili olduğu saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

İzmir, Apis mellifera, tozlaşma, ekonomi, tozlayıcılar, bal arısı, ayçiçeği, Helianthus annuus, verim ögeleri, verim

Effects of honey bee pollination on seed yield and quality of sunflower

This research "was conducted to determine the effects of honeybee pollination on some economic characters of oil type sunflower varieties (Super-25, AS-503, and EGE 2001) in 1997 and 1998, at Aegean Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) in Menemen - İzmir. The experimental design was randomized block with split plot arrangement with three replications. The main plots were assigned to the polination treatments and the sub-plots for sunflower varieties. The plots of the treatments were 1) plots with honeybee pollination, 2) plots caged to exclude pollination, and 3) and open pollinated plots. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of honeybee pollination on sunflower achene yield (kg/da), 1000-achene weight (g), oil percentage (%), protein percentage (%), hull percentage (%), and seed sizes. The, results of statistical analysis showed a significant difference among the treatments. The pollination efficiencies of Apis mellifera were investigated in insect-firooffield cages of sunflowers and compared with honeybee pollinated and,an open pollinated plots. Achene yield of honeybee pollinated plants of plots, an average, vere 444 and 413 in 1997 and 1998, respectively. All cullivars showed a significant increase in yield in the presence of bees. Achene yield on honeybee pollinated plants of 3different sunflower varieties was, on average, 95% higher than on plots caged to exclude bees in 1997 and was 124% in 1$98- In general yields were higher on plots pollinated by honeybees than on those caged to exclude bees and open pollinated plants; but the difference varied between cultivars, and between years. It is concluded that the use of honeybees for sunflower pollination were also effective on the seed size, WOO achene weight, oil and protein content of oil seed sunflowers.

Keywords:

Izmir, Apis mellifera, pollination, economics, pollinators, honey bees, sunflowers, Helianthus annuus, yield components, yields,

PDF

___

Ahmed, H. M. H., M. A. Siddig, and M. S, A. El-Sarrag 1989. Honeybee pollination of cultivated crops in Sudan. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. Pp. 100-108. International Bee Research Asciation; London; UK.
Anonymous. 1981. Work on bee pollination in India. Indian-Bee-Journal 1981 43 4 140-144.
Anonymous. 1991. Yearbook 1990 Trade, FA0 Statistics series No. 102, vol. 144 Roma.
Anonymous. 1994. Sunflower production. Extension Bulletin 25. NDSU. Fargo, ND. USA
Anonymous. 1996. Leco-FP-328 Protein / Nitrogen Analiser (U.S. Patent No: 5233308). Leco Cooperation 3000 Lakeview Ave. St. Jeseph MI. 49085-2396 U S A.
Anonymous. 2001 Ayçiçeği üretim değerlen. FAO Database (WWW. fao. org).
Aydın, A., and A. Ş. Tan. 1999. Türkiye ayçiçeği tarımının genel bir değerlendirmesi. TYUAP Ege - Marmara Dilimi Tarla Bitkileri Toplantısı. Haziran, 1999. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü. Menemen, îzmir.
Barbier, E. 1975. Entomophilous pollination and heterosis of oil plants. Proceedings of the XXVth International Apicultural Congress, Grenoble. 1975, 491-494. Apimondia Publishing House.; Bucharest, Romania.
Basavanna, G. P. C. 1979. Role of insect pollinators in sunflower production. Current-Research 8 (1); 1-3
Benedek, P. 1985. Economic importance of honey bee pollination of crops at the national level in Hungary. Proceedings of the XXBCth International Congress of Apiculture Budapest, 1983. Pp. 286-289.
Benedek, P., and S. Manninger. 1972a. Pollinating insects of sunflower and the activity of honeybees on the crop. Novenytenneles 23 (2): 145-157. Kozponti Novenyvedelmı es Karaaten Laboratorium, Elorejelzesi Kozpont. Budapest, Hungary.
Benedek, P., and S. Manninger. 1972b. Pollinating insects of sunflower and the activity of honeybees on the crop. Novenytenneles 21 (2): 145-157. Forecasting Centre, Central Plant Protection and Quarantine Lab., Min. Agric. and Food, Herman Otto ut. 15, Budapest II, Hungary.
Benedek, P., S. Manninger, and B. Nagy. 1972. The number of colonies and the density of honeybees in sunflower fields in relation to the pollination of the crop. Zeitschrift-fur-Angewandte-Entomologie 71 (4): 385-389. Forecasting Centre, Central Plant Protection and Quarantine Lab., Min. Agric. and Food, Herman Otto ut 15, Budapest II, Hungary.
Burgstaller, H. 1989. Review. Sunflowers and honeybees. Bienenvater 110(11): 385-388.
Burgstaller, H. 1990. İmportance of the honeybee for the seed yield of sunflowers. Schweizerische-Bienen-Zeitung 113 (9): 510-515. Himmelstr. 40, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
Chachero, C. R., and J. W. Sassenberg. 1973. Honeybees and their relation to sunflower yields. Gaceta-del-Colmenar 35 (I): 2-3. Agenda Extension Rural Tres Arroyos, Argentina.
Cirnu, I, V. Dumitrache, E. Hociota, and A. V. Vranceanu. 1975. Pollination of sunflower by honeybees an important factor in increasing yield. Proceedings of the Vlth International sunflower conference, July 22-24, 1974, Pp. 695-700. Beekeeping Inst., Romanian Beekeeping Asciation, Buchares, Romania.
Collison, V. L,, and R. L. Wilson. 1985. Comparison of honey bees vs hand and self pollination for obtaining seed from wild type sunflowers in cages. Southwestern-Entomologist. 1985, 10 (4): 268-273. Agronomy Dept., Regional Plant Introduction Stn.,Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Corbet, S. A, I. H. Williams, and J. L. Osborne. 1991. Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European Community. Bee World 72 (2): 47-59,
Crane, E. 1990. Bees and beekeeping: Science, Practice and World Resources. 614p. Hememann Newnes Pub. Co.London.
Drane. D,R,MacPhem. and K. White. 1982. Pollination studies in hybrid sunflower seed production. Proceedings, 10th International Sunflower Conference, Surfers Paradise, stralia, March 14-18 1982. 1982, 95-100. Toowoomba, Australian Sunflower Asciation; Australia.
Farkas, J 1983. Pollination of sunflower by honeybees. Res. Centre for Animal Breeding & Nutrition, Godollo, Hungary. Novenytenneles 32 (6): 513-520.
Frank, J., and E. Kurnik, 1970. Investigations on nectar content of domestic and Soviet sunflower varieties. Delkeletdunantuli Mezogodz. Kiserl. İntez. Kolz. 10 (2): 65-69.
Free, T B 1964. The behaviour of honeybees on sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.).Journal of Applied Ecology 1:19-27.
Furgala, B, 1954. Honeybees increase yields of cultivated sunflowers. Gleanings Bee Culture 82: 532-534.
Furgala, B„ E. C. Mussen, D. M. Noetzel, and R. G. Robinson. 1976. Observations on nectar secretion m sunflowers. Proc. Sunflower Forum 1: 11-12. Fargo, N.D USA.
Giordani, G., M Mrızi, and A G. Sabatini 1984. Relationships between sunflower and honeybee. Istituto di Zoocolture, Univ. Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 20 pp.; Federazione Apicoltun Italiani; Rome; Italy.
Granlund, M., and D. C. Zimmerman. 1975. Oil content of sunflower seeds as determined by wide-line nuclear magneticresonance (NMR). Proc.N D. Acad. Sci. 27: 128-133
Guynn, G, and E. R. Jaycox. 1973. Observations on sunflower pollination in Illinois. American-Bee-Journal. 113 (5): 168-169.
İbrahim,S. H. 1976. A list of pollen plants visited by honeybees in Egypt. Agricultural Research Review. 54 (1): 217-219. PL Protection Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Cent., Ministry of Agric., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
İnci, A. 1991. Ayçiçeği üretiminde arıcılığın rolü. Teknik Arıcılık, 33:2-4.
İnci, A., E. Tutkun, M. Sabancıoğlu ve B. Yılmaz. 1991. Ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.)'nin tohum bağlanmasında bal arısının etkisi üzerine araştırmalar. Teknik Arıcılık, 33. 20-24.
Jay, S. C. 1990. Pollination of crops m Manitoba by bees. Canadian Beekeeping 16(1): 16-17.
Jones, W. A, and J. W. Rhodes. 1988. A pollination study mto relative self compatibility levels of 25 sunflower oilseed cultivars. Proceedings of the Second Australian and International Beekeeping Congress, Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, July 21-26, 1988. Pp. 131-134; Bdo. International Colour Productions Pty. Lyd. for the Federal Council of Australian Apiarists' Associations; Australia. Dept Agric., P.O. Box 865, Dubbo, NSW, Australia.
Katsarov, G. 1971. Determining the economic effectiveness of sunflower pollination by honeybees under farm conditions. Rasteniev'dni-Nki. 8 (9): 169-173. Beekeeping Experimental Stn., fia, Bulgaria.
Katsarov, G. 1974. A study on pollination of sunflowers {Helianthus annuus L.) Ausralian J. of Experimental Agriculture. Animal Husbandary 14: 201-204,
Langridge, D. F., and R. D. Goodman. 1974. A study on pollination of sunflowers (Helianthus 'annuus L ). Australian J. Of Exp. Agric. Animal Husbandary 14: 201-204.
Langridge, D. F., and R. D. Goodman, 1981. Honeybee pollination of sunflower cultivars Hysun 30 and Sunfola. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 21: 435-438. Apieultural Res. Unit, PO Box 174, Ferntree Gully, Victoria 3156, Australia.
Malaiu, A., and E. Tarta. 1981. Effect of pollination by bees on the energy balance in sunflower crops. Proceedmgs of the XXVIIIth International Congress of Apiculture, Acapuleo, 1981. Pp. 394-400. Apimondia Publishing House; Bucharest; Romania.
McGregor, S. E. 1976. Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. Agricultural Handbook No: 496, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Washmghton, D. C.
Miller, J. F. 1989. Sunflower. Pp. 626-668. In: W.R. Fehr (Ed ). Principles of Cultive Development. Volume II. Crop Species. MacMillan Pub. Co. New York. USA.
Nur, I. M. 1969. A rapid method of determining the hull content of safflower and sunflower seeds. Agron. J. 61: 336-338.
Ortiz-Sanchez, FJ, and A. Tint-Ranera. 1987. Potential pollinators of sunflower in the province of Granada. The role of the honeybee. Dept. Biologia Animal, Ecologia & Genetıca, Fac. Ciencias, Univ. Granada, Granada, Spain. Vida-Apicola 26: 20-21.
Palmer-Jones, T., and I. W. Forster. 1975, Observations on the pollination of sunflowers. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 3(l):95-97. Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
Pham-Delegue, M. H., P. Etievant, and C. Masson. 1987a. Molecular parameters involved in bee-plant relationships: a biological and chemical approach. Bıochımie 69: 661-670. Lab. Neurobiologie comparee des İnvertebres, INRA, CNRS, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
Pham-Delegue, M. H., C. Masn, and P. Etievant. 1987b. Molecular criteria involved in honeybee-plant relationships a biological and chemical approach. Lab. Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, CNRS, UA 1190, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette France pp. 85-95.
Radford, B. J., and J. W. Rhodes. 1978. Effect of honeybee activity on the pollination of sunflowers Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences 35 (2): 149-152. Wheat Res. Inst., Toowoomba, Australia,
Radford, B. J., and J. W, Rhodes. 1980. Effect of honeybee activity on the cross-pollination of male-sterile sunflowers. Australasian Beekeeper. 1980, 81 (8): 167-170. Agric. Branch, Dept. Primary Indus., Queensland Wheat Res. Inst., Toowoomba 4350, Qd , Australia,
Rhodes, J., B, J. Radford, and R. H, G, Nielsen. 1977. Seed set in sunflower {Helianthus annuus L.) crops on the central Darling Downs. Proceedings of the XXVlth International Apieultural Congress, Adelaide. 1977, 425-428. Apimondia Publishing House.; Bucharest; Romania Dept. Primary Indus., Meiers Rd., Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia.
Robinson, R. G. 1978, Production and Culture, In: Carter, J. F: (ed.) Sunflower Science and Technology. Agron. 19: 89-143. Amer. SOC. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin,
Robinson, W. S., R. Nowogrodzki, and R, A, Morse. 1989. The value of honeybees as pollinators of US crops. American Bee Journal, July 1989:477-486
Simidchiev, T. 1978. Pollination of sunflower and lucerne by honeybees. Nchm-Trudove,-Vissh-Selskostopanski Institut-'Vasıl-Kolarov'. 1978, 23 1, 123-128, Fac. Viticulture & Horticulture, V. Kolarov Higher İnst. Agric., Plovdiv, BulgAria.
Sinha-S.N., and S. S. Atwal. 1996a. Pollination requirement in sunflower hybrid seed production: I. Studies on honeybee foraging behaviour on parental lines. Seed Research 24 (2) 105-109. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Karnal 132 001, Haryana, India.
Sinha, S. N., and S. S. Atwal. 1996b. Pollination requirement in sunflower hybrid seed production: II. Effect of date of sowing and fertilizer on honeybee foraging behaviour on parental lines. Seed Research 24:110-115. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Karnal 132 001, Haryana, India.
Smith, D. L. 1978. Planting seed production. In: J. F. Carter (Ed). Sunflower science and technology. Agron. Monogr. 19. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Medison, Wisconsin. USA.
Smith, H., P. Pankm, and G. Kreutzer. 1971. Honey bee pollination in Manitoba. Manitoba Dep. Agnc. Publ. 525. Pp. 1-16. Manitoba, USA.
Standifer, L., and S. E. McGregor. 1977. Using honey bees to pollinate crops. Leaflet, No: 549, Agricultural Service, USDA. Washington, D C.
Steel, R. G. D., and J. H, Tome. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach. 2nd ed. MacGraw - Hill Book Co. New York.
Suryanarayana, M. C., G. M. Rao, and R. P. Phadke. 1987. Higher yields of sunflower through honeybees. Indian-Farming. 37 (2): 5-7. Cent. Bee Res. Inst., Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Tan, A Ş. 1987a. Ayçiçeği tarımı. TYUAP Ege - Marmara Dilimi Tarla Bitkileri Toplantısı Ege Tar. Ara. Enst. Menemen, İzmir
Tan, A Ş 1987b İkinci ürün ayçiçeği tarımı, TYUAP Ege - Marmara Dilimi Tarla Bitkileri Toplantısı. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü. Menemen, İzmir.
Tan, A. Ş. 2000. Balarısı polinasyonunun ayçiçeğinde önemi. TYUAP Ege - Marmara Dilimi 2000 Yılı Tarla Bitkileri Bilgi Alışveriş Toplantısı Bildirileri, s 269-296. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü. Yayınları No: 98. Menemen, İzmir.
Tan, A. Ş. ve A. Aydın. 1999. Ayçiçeği tarımı. TYUAP Ege - Marmara Dilimi Tarla Bitkileri Toplantısı. Haziran, 1999. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü, Menemen, İzmir.
Tasei, J, N. 1987, Pollination of entomophılous plants grown as monocultures. Botanical and agronomical aspects, particularly for two oilseed crops rape and sunflower. Abeille-de-France-et-l'Apiculteur. 1987, No. 713, 103-109; Bj.
Toit, A. P. du. 1988. The pollination ecology of commercial sunflower (Helianthus annuus L ) in South Africa with special reference to the honeybee {Apis mellifera L.). PB Magister in Scıentıae Thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa, 143 pp, Fac Science, Univ. Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Toit, A. P du, and A. P. Du Toit. 1990. The importance of certain insects as pollinators of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L ). South African J. of Plant and Soil 7 (3): 159-162 Plant Protection Research institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
Wilson, R. L,, and V. L. Collison. 1988, Field cage study of the effects of four honey bee strains and hand pollination on the seed of a wild sunflower. Seed Sci. And Technology 16 (2): 471-475.ARS, USDA, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Sta., Ames, IA 50011, USA.