Bitki biliminde kulanılan genetik markırlar ve kullanım alanları

Bu çalışmada morfolojik, fenotıpik, biyokimyasal ve moleküler markırlar kıyaslanmaktadır. Morfolojik ve kimyasal markırlar kolaylıkla elde edilebilmesine rağmen moleküler markırlarla kıyaslandığında daha az sayıda markır üretmektedir. Genel olarak iki tip moleküler markır bulunmaktadır. RFLP tipi moleküler markırlar DNA-DNA hibridizasyonuyla gerçekleştirilmektedir ve genellikle radyoaktif maddelerle tespit edilmektedir. Diğer sınıf markırlar ise SSR, ISSR, RAPD, AFLP ve'SRAP gibi PCR'a dayalı markırlardır. Araştırma çalışmalarında kullanılacak markır tipi çalışmanın amacına göre belirlenir. Genetik haritaları moleküler markırlarla hızlı bir şekilde doldurabilmek için RAPD, ISSR, SRAP ve AFLP gibi markırlar kullanılırken, daha spesifik markırlar elde edebilmek için SCAR, SSR ve RFLP gibi markırlar kullanılmaktadır. Moleküler markırlar yaygın olarak genetik karakterizasyon, bitkisel genetik kaynakların korunması ve genetik haritalama çalışmalarında kullanılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

genetik çeşitlilik, genetik belirleyiciler, polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu, kısıtlı fragment uzunluğu polimorfizmi, taksonomi

Genetic markers used in plant sciences and their utilization

Morphological, biochemical and molecular markers as genetic markers are rewieved and compared. Their sources and uses in plant sciences are discussed. Altough morphological and biochemical markers are relatively easy to produce, and score, they are limited as compared to the unlimited molecular markers. In general, there are two types of DNA markers: the first is RFLP-based DNA markers that require DNA-DNA hybridization and mostly radioactive detection; the second is PCR-based markers such as SSR, ISSR, RAPD, AFLP, SRAP that can be detected on agarose gels with ethidium bromide and UV ligth. Markers to be studied in plant science is determined based on objectives of the study. Multiplex markers such as RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP are used to saturate linkage maps and collect as much as information on a population in a short time, while the others such as RFLP and SCAR markers are used to produce highly spesific markers. Molecular markers are commonly used for genetic mapping, germplasm characterization and conservation.

Keywords:

genetic variation, genetic markers, polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, taxonomy,

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