İdeal Hizmetkarlar Olarak Görülen Hadımların Bizans Kültür-Sanat Hayatındaki Yerine İlişkin Kısa Bir Değerlendirme

Hadımlar, tarih boyunca ortak bir özellik olarak birçok medeniyetin hem toplumsal hem de siyasal hayatında etkin bir rol oynamıştır. Farklı amaçlar doğrultusunda insanoğlu tarafından var edilen bu üçüncü kimlik, 1100 yıl gibi uzun bir geçmişe sahip olan, yapısal oluşum bakımından hem Romalı hem de Anadolulu olan Bizans dünyasında da kendince bir yer edinebilmiştir. Merkezi kuvvetin kurulmasında önem arz eden ve sistem içerisinde her sahada belli bir etki oranında varlık gösteren hadımlarla ilgili dönem kaynaklarının ayrıntılı bilgi sunmadığı görülmüştür. Hadımlar ve onların yaşamına ilişkin bilgilere erişimin zor olduğu bu sahada, genel-geçer bilgi birikimine, XX. yüzyıl sonlarında, Bizans sosyal tarihine olan ilginin arttığı dönemle birlikte ulaşılmaya başlanmıştır. Öyle ki iktidarsız erillerin, siyasi anlamda imparatorluk içinde neredeyse imparator kadar iktidar ve yetki kazanmaları, sosyal anlamda belli bir statüde bulunan kişi gruplarını işaret etmeleri gibi pek çok husus, bu yüzyıl sonrasında yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada; erillerin iktidarsızlaştırılması meselesine tarihsel bir perspektiften bakılmış, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda iktidarsızlaştırmanın ne zaman ve hangi yöntemler takip edilerek gerçekleştirildiğine değinilmiş, ulaşılan tasvirler üzerinden hareket edilerek hadım edilen kişilerin imparatorluğun siyasi, sosyal, dini yaşamdaki rolü ile kültür-sanat sahasındaki yeri tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır.

A Brief Evaluation on the Place of Eunuchs as Ideal Services in Byzantine Culture And Art

The eunuchs played an active role in many civilizations, both social and political life. This third identity, which created by human in the direction of different purposes, has also existed in the Byzantine culture, which has a long history of 1100 years, in terms of structural formation, both Roman and Anatolian culture. Unfortunately, the Byzantine sources did not provide enough information about the this third identity that exists in culture. The datas, which provides some details about the eunuchs and their lives started to be reached with the increase interest in the Byzantine social history since the late 20th century. The impotent masculine almost empower in the empire, gain power and authority in the political sense as much as the emperor and pointing to groups of people with a certain social status and many issues such as this have been tried to be revealed through the studies conducted after this century. In this study; the issue of desexualization of the masculine has examined from a historical perspective, when and by which methods of desexualization of the masculine in the Byzantine Empire is addressed, based on the images has reached the role of eunuch in the political, social and religious life and the place of eunuchs in art and cultural life is discussed.

PDF

___

Barbier P. 1996, The World of the Castrati: The History of an Extraordinary Operatic Phenomenon. London.
Bury J. B. 1911, The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century, with a Revised Text of Kletorologion of Philotheos. London
Butler A. 1845, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints X. Dublin.
Casperson J. W. 2007, Toward Spiritual Sovereignty: A Secular Bible. USA.
Cavallo G. 1997, The Byzantines. USA.
Charles M. B. & Anagnostou-Laoutides E. 2010, “The Sexual Hypocrisy of Domitian: Suet. Dom. 8, 3”. L'Antiquité Classique 79, 173-187.
Ciliers L. & Retief F. P. 2004, “The Eunuchs of Early Byzantium”. Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity 13, 108-117.
Defranza M. K. 2015, Sex Difference in Christian Theology: Male, Female, and Intersex in the Image of God. UK 2015.
Dumitrescu C. L. 1987, “Remarques en Marge du "Coislin 79": Les Trois Eunuques et le Problème du Donateur”. Byzantion 57/1, 32-45.
Eckardt H., Müldner G. & G. Speed 2015, “The Late Roman Field Army in Northern Britain? Mobility, Material Culture and Multi-Isotope Analysis at Scorton (N Yorks)”. Britannia 46, 191-223.
Forcellini E. 1858, Totius Latinitatis Lexicon: Opera Et Studio Aegidii Forcellini Lucubratum. Warszawa.
Gaul N. 2002, “Eunuchs in the Late Byzantine Empire, c. 1250-1400”. Ed. Shaun Tougher. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond, 199-221.
Guiland R. 1943, “Les Eunuques dans l'Empire Byzantin: Étude de Titulature et de Prosopographie Byzantines”. Revue Des Études Byzantines I, 197-238.
Harris C. 2002, Memoirs of a Byzantine Eunuch. İstanbul.
Hathaway J. 2012, Beshir Agha: Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Imperial Harem. UK.
Hatzaki M. 2009, Beauty and the Male Body in Byzantium: Perceptions and Representations in Art and Text. UK.
Hawkins E. J. W. & Mango C. 1972, “The Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The Church Fathers in the North Tympanum”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26, 4-84.
Herrin J. 2009, Byzantium: The Suprising of a Medieval Empire. Oxford.
Herrin J. 2010, Bizans: Bir Ortaçağ İmparatorluğu’nun Şaşırtıcı Yaşamı/Byzantium: The Suprising of a Medieval Empire. Çev. Uygur Kocabaşoğlu. İstanbul.
Jones A. H. M. 1986, The Later Roman Empire, 284-602: A Social Economic and Administrative Surve II. UK 1986.
Kimmel M., C. Milrod & A. Kennedy (2014), Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis. London 2014.
Laneri N. 2002, “The Discovery of a Funerary Ritual: Inanna/Ishtar and Her Descent to the Nether World in Titriş Höyük, Turkey”. East and West 52, 1/4, 9-51.
Marliave de O. 2011, Hadımların Dünyası-Çağlar Boyu Hadımlık. Çev. Yasemin Kayacan. İstanbul.
Paulus A. & Francis A. 1844-1847, The Seven Books of Paulus Ægineta. Publications of the Sydenham Society. London.
Peace A. & Anderson J. 2012, All About Sex… In The Bible. USA.
Pentcheva B. 2006, “The Performative Icon”. The Art Bulletin 88/4, 631-655.
Rautman M. L. 2006, Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. London.
Reusch K. 2016, “Reading Between the Lines: Disparate Data and Castration Studies”. Eds. M. L. Mant & A. J. Holland. Beyond the Bones: Engaging with Disparate Datasets, 61-80. New York.
Ringrose K. 2004, The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium. London.
Ringrose K. 2008, “Women and Power at Byzantine Court”. Ed. Anne Walthall. Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History, 65-80. USA.
Sidéris G. 2005, “Une Société de Ville Capitale: Les Eunuques dans la Constantinople Byzantine (IVeXIIe siècle)”. Actes des Congrès de la Société des Historiens Médiévistes de L’enseignement Supérieur Public, 36ᵉ Congrès: Les villes capitales au Moyen Age, 243-274.
Smith B. G. 2008, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History II. USA.
Stevenson W. 1995, “The Rise of Eunuchs in Greco-Roman Antiquity”. Journal of the History of Sexuality 5/4, 495-511.
Taneri A. 1997, “Hadım”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. C. 15, 1-3.
Taylor T. 2000, Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood. New York.
Tougher S. F. 1997, “Eunuchs: An Overview, With Special Reference to Their Creation and Origin”. Ed. Liz James. Women, Men, and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium, 168-184.
Tougher S. F. 1999, “Ammianus and the Eunuch”. Eds. Jan Willes Drijvers & David Hunt. The Late Roman World and Its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus, 64-73.
Tougher S. F. 2008, The Eunuchs in Byzantine History and Society. New York.
Tougher, S. F. 2013, “Eunuch”. Ed. Nigel Wilson. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, 280-281.
Tuplin C. 1996, Achaemenid Studies. Stuttgard.
Tylor G. 2000, Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood. London.
Wassersug R. 2006, “The Sexuality and Social Performance of Androgen-Deprived (Castrated) Men Throughout History: Implications for Modern Day Cancer Patients. Social Science & Medicine”. Social Science & Medicine 63, 3162–3173.
Wassersug R. J., E. Mckenna & T. Lieberman 2012, “Eunuch As a Gender Identity After Castration”. Journal of Gender Studies 21/3, 253-270.
Westfahl G. 2015, A Day in a Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions Through History. USA.
http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&kelime=HADIM (07.09.2018).
http://epistle.us/hbarticles/eunuchs2.html (08.08.2018).
https://inpress.lib.uiowa.edu/feminae/DetailsPage.aspx?Feminae_ID=28764 (25.09.2018).
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/466586 20.02.2020).
https://www.daummuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ravenna_Mosaic_of_Theodora_- _Basilica_San_Vitale.jpg (20.02.2020).
http://ica.themorgan.org/manuscript/page/12/121467 (29.09.2018).
http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?pid=d-1754254 (29.09.2018). Tevrat:
https://www.kutsal-kitap.net/bible/tr/index.php?mc=3&sc=1302&id=1305 (12.07.2020). Deuterokanonik Kitaplar
https://www.kutsal-kitap.net/bible/tr/index.php?mc=3&sc=1302&id=1305(12.07.2020).