21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM

Bu çalışma; tarihsel arka plandan hareketle, ABD’nin 21. yüzyıldaki insan hakları anlayışı ve söylemini özellikle Obama ve Trump yönetimlerinin dış politika uygulamaları üzerinden değerlendirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel iddiası, ABD Dış Politikası’nda insan hakları anlayışı ve tezahürlerinin kronolojik bir evrim çizgisinde ilerleme düşüncesinden daha çok ön kabuller, ön yargılar, pragmatik ilişki ağlarının ve eko-politik belirleyicilerin etkisi ile yol aldığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu durum çalışmada “sarkaç modeli” ekseninde ele alınmaktadır. Buna göre, ABD’de insan hakları anlayış ve söylemi negatif ve pozitif yöndeki salınımlar çerçevesinde ilerlemektedir. Sarkacın negatif salınımları, insan haklarındaki geriye gidişi veya statükonun devamını; pozitif salınımlar ise, insan haklarının pratikte ilerlemesini ve geliştirilmesini sağlayan faaliyetleri ve durumları ifade etmektedir. Tarihi süreç ele alındığında, her ne kadar ABD yönetimleri dış politika uygulamalarında insan haklarının geliştirilmesine dayalı bir söylem geliştirmeye çalışsalar da hem Cumhuriyetçi hem de Demokrat yönetimlerinin insan haklarını dış politikada oldukça “seçici” ve “pragmatik” bir şekilde uyguladıkları açıkça görülmektedir. Çalışma, ABD dış politikasındaki insan hakları söyleminde var olan çelişki ve çifte standartların nedenini Amerikan istisnacılığında aramaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

ABD Dış Politikası, İnsan Hakları, Amerikan İstisnacılığı, Obama ve Trump Yönetimleri

HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE IN THE 21ST CENTURY US FOREIGN POLICY: A SELECTIVE AND PRAGMATIC APPROACH

Based on the historical background, this study aims to evaluate USA’s understanding and discourse of the human rights in the 21st century, especially through the foreign policy practices of the Obama and Trump administrations. The main claim of this study is to set forth that the understanding and manifestations of human rights in US Foreign Policy proceed much more with the influence of preconceptions, prejudices, pragmatic relationship networks and eco-political determinants than with the idea of progress in a chronological evolutionary line. Hence, this situation is framed through the axis of the "pendulum model" in this study. Accordingly, the understanding and discourse of human rights in the USA progresses within the framework of negative and positive oscillations of this pendulum. Namely, regressions in human rights, and/or continuations of the status quo with respect to weak human right situations denote the negative swings of the pendulum; the advancement and development in the realm of human rights in practice resemble its positive oscillations. From the historical point of view, it can be adduced that although the US administrations tried to develop a discourse based on the development of human rights in their foreign policy practices; both Republican and Democrat administrations implemented the values and principles of human rights in foreign policy in a considerably "selective", and "pragmatic" way. Succinctly, this study places American exceptionalism as the most important reason for the contradictions and double standards in human rights discourse and praxis in US foreign policy.

Keywords:

Us Foreign Policy, Human Rights, American Exceptionalism, Obama and Trumps Administrations,

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