Karadeniz’in Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi olarak İncelenmesi

Soğuk Savaşın bitimiyle Karadeniz bölgesi, konu olarak, gelişen uluslararası ilişkiler kavramları bakımından önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda klasik bir güvenlik/politik değerlendirmenin bölgeyi ele almada yetersiz olduğu, ancak farklı kavramların iç içe olduğu eklektik bir yapı gereksinimi ortaya çıkmıştır. Çünkü kavramsal olarak hem güvenlik kavramı hem de yapı/aktör görüşü değişmiştir. Bu değişiklikleri göz önünde bulunduran“bölgeselcilik” ve“bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi” kavramlarından ilham alan bu çalışma Karadeniz’i incelemiştir. İki kavramın seçilmesinin nedeni kavramların bölgeyi yeni bir aktör olarak ele alması ve bölgeyi küresel aktörler ve devletler gibi önemli kabul etmesi ve de güvenliği klasik askeri güvenlik algısından çıkartıp yanı sıra politik, ekonomik, çevre ve toplumsal güvenliği de göz önüne almalarıdır. Bu durum bölge çalışmalarının içeriğini ve kapsamını da zenginleştirmiştir. İlk olarak, bölge ülkelerinin ulusal güvenlik hassasiyetlerinin irdelendiği çalışmada devamında örgütsel yapılanmalar ortaya konarak bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi oluşturabilecek tehditler incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Karadeniz’in, bazı istisnaları göz önünde bulundurularak, hem bölge olarak kabul edilebileceği hem de bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi oluşturabilecek potansiyele sahip olduğu savunulmuştur. Bu durum Karadeniz’i çatışmanın ve işbirliğinin bir arada olduğu sui generis bir bölge ve bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi olarak ortaya çıkarmaktadır.

The Analysis of the Black Sea as a Regional Security Complex

The Black Sea Region, as a subject, becomes important in developing International Relations concepts after the end of the Cold War. In the context of this issue, it emerges that classical security/political theories are insufficient to address the region but needs an eclectic framework including different concepts. This is because conceptually both the concept of security and the notion of agent/actor changed dramatically. Taking into account these changes, this article is inspired from concepts of “regionalism” and “regional security complex” in scrutinising the Black Sea. Reasons behind selecting these concepts are to consider regions as news actors and accepting them as important as global actors and states, and also apart from classical military security, broadening a security approach to taking into account political, economic, environment and societal sectors. This enriches the content and scope of region studies. Initially, this article scrutinises national security vulnerabilities of each countries of the region and continues with regional organisations and within this context potential threats that might paves the way for the formation of regional security complex are examined. In the context of this issue, it is argued that the Black Sea, despite exceptions, can be accepted as a region and has a potential to form a regional security complex. Thus, this situation reveals that the Black Sea is a sui generis region and a regional security complex including both conflict and cooperation. Keywords: Black Sea, regionalism, regional security complex theory.

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