Tristram Shandy Beyefendi’nin Hayatı ve Görüşleri Adlı Eserin İngilizceden Türkçeye Çevirisine Bourdieu’nün Sosyolojik Kuramsal Çerçevesinden Bakış

Yaklaşık otuz yıldır çeviribilimde sosyolojik yaklaşımlara olan ilgi büyük bir ivme kazanmış olup bu bağlamda çeviri pratiğini etkileyen toplumsal unsurlara büyük önem atfedilmiştir. Çeviribilim çerçevesinde yapılan sosyolojik araştırmalar bir çeviri metnin oluşumunu etkileyen toplumsal koşullar ile doğrudan çeviri sürecinde atılan daha küçük çaplı adımların birbiriyle olan ilişkisini aydınlatmaya imkan sağlamıştır. Çeviribilimde sosyolojik yaklaşımları irdelemeye yeltenen kuramcıların büyük bölümü Bourdieu’nün kuramı ve sosyolojiye bakış açısından yararlanmıştır. Bourdieu’nün sosyolojiye bakışı farklı düzeylerde inceleme yapmaya olanak tanıyarak herhangi bir konu üzerine derinlemesine tartışmayı körükleyerek bir araştırmacının kültürel bir ürünün (kitap çevirisi gibi) birçok farklı yönünü keşfetmesine yardımcı olur. Herhangi bir kültürel alan ile bu alanı çevreleyen daha geniş çaptaki güç alanı arasındaki ilişki, ayrıca çeviri sürecini etkileyen her türlü strateji, yöntem ve eser Bourdieu’nün bakış açısından tartışmaya açılabilir (Bourdieu, 1993, s.16). Bourdieu’nün (1993) de vurguladığı gibi, herhangi bir kültürel eseri tüm yönleriyle anlayabilmek için kendi içerisinde farklı bileşenleri de barındıran tüm düzeylerde inceleme yapmaya büyük önem atfedilmesi gerekir. Tüm bu bilgilerin ışığında bu çalışma bir yandan Laurence Sterne’ün Tristram Shandy Beyefendi’nin Hayatı ve Görüşleri adlı eserinin metinsel özellikleri ile Türkçe çevirisinde kullanılan yöntemlere odaklanırken, öte yandan söz konusu çeviriye metin ötesi bir bakış sunacaktır. Bourdieu’nün kültürel üretime yönelik kuramsal bakış açısı doğrultusunda söz konusu iki düzeyde bir inceleme sunacak olan çalışma, Bourdieu’ye ait ve çeviri sosyolojisi araştırmalarında sıklıkla kullanılan kavramlardan yararlanarak kapsamlı bir çeviri eleştirisi gerçekleştirmeyi amaçlar. Tüm bu tartışmalar doğrultusunda, söz konusu çalışma Tristram Shandy’nin Türkçe çevirisine ilişkin alınan birtakım stratejik kararların doğrudan çeviri sürecinde alınan metin içi kararlara yansıtılamayıp, metin içi düzeyinde kayda değer farklılıklara yol açtığını ileri sürer. Nihayetinde, (i) çeviride kullanılan dipnotlar ve diğer notlar, (ii) çevirmenin Osmanlı Türkçesi kullanımı ve (iii) metnin pek çok yerinde kullanılan belirtikleştirme (açımlama) yönteminin,“yüksek edebiyat” okurları olduğu öngörülen Tristram Shandy okurlarının beklentilerini karşılayamayabileceği öne sürülmüş olup, söz konusu sav sınırlı kültürel üretim alanının şekillendirdiği “yüksek edebiyat” okurlarının bir edebi esere yaklaşımının popüler edebiyat okurlarının yaklaşımından farklı olacağı görüşüne dayandırılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

habitus, Tristram Shandy, Pierre Bourdieu’nün sosyolojik yaklaşımı, sınırlı kültürel üretim alanı, sim- gesel sermaye, çeviri yöntemleri

A Bourdieusian Perspective on the Translation of the Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman from English into Turkish

In the last three decades, interest in sociology has picked up great momentum in Translation Studies and increasing attention has been paid to the social factors that surround an act of translation. Sociologically-oriented research in Translation Studies has enabled the identification of the relation- ships between the external conditions of a text’s creation and the narrower steps of the translation process. So far, translation scholars who have attempted to explore sociological approaches in Translation Studies have often benefited from Bourdieu’s thinking. Through its involvement of different levels of analysis, Bourdieu’s perspective helps researchers discover different aspects of cultural practice, in this study, the book translation. These aspects range “from the relationship between the cultural field and the broader field of power to strategies, trajectories and works of individual agents” (Bourdieu, 1993, p.16). As Bourdieu (1993) suggests, in order to fully comprehend a given cultural work, due attention needs to be paid to all levels of analysis, each consisting of various components. In this light, this study aims at concentrating on text structures in The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman and translation strategies in its Turkish translation on the one hand, and, on the other, it focuses on the phenomena of translation beyond a textual level. Combining these two levels through Bourdieu’s theory of cultural production, this study entails a comprehensive translation analysis by employing Bourdieu’s key concepts. As a result of the aforementioned discussion, this study concludes that, macro translational choices and strategies in the Turkish translation of Tristram Shandy are not reflected on the translation strategies at a micro level as expected. Ultimately, the translator’s choices including (i) the use of notes/footnotes, (ii) the use of Ottoman Turkish, and (iii) the use of explicitation in the Turkish version of Tristram Shandy seem to fail to fulfill the expectations of “serious literature” readers, which are structured by the field of restricted cultural production and, which largely differentiate from the expectations of “popular literature” readers.

Keywords:

habitus, Tristram Shandy, Pierre Bourdieu’s social theory, restricted field of cultural production, symbolic capital, translation strategies,

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