Yapılandırılmış ders dışı etkinliklerinin öğrencilerin akademik ve sosyal gelişimleri üzerindeki etkileri

Yapılandırılmış ders dışı etkinlikler, okul içinde ve dışında bir plan dâhilinde düzenlenen ve yürütülen seçmeli etkinliklerdir. Akademik olarak doğrudan ölçme ve değerlendirmeye katılmamalarına rağmen birçok öğrenci bu etkinliklere katılmaktadır. Araştırmalar bu etkinliklerin formal programlara katkı sunduğunu bu yüzden bir çok ülkede formal programlara entegre edilmektedir. Bu yüzden, bu nitel çalışma Türkiye 'de bu etkinliklerin öğrencilerin akademik ve sosyal gelişimlerine katkısının olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları, bu etkinliklerin öğrencilerin hem sosyal gelişimleri hem de akademik başarıları üzerinde katkıları bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu anlamda okul yöneticileri bu tür etkinlikleri daha çok düzenlemelidirler.

Effects of structured extracurricular facilities on students' academic and social development

Structured Extracurricular Activities (SEAs) are kinds of optional facilities designed and carried out inside or outside school within a plan after classes. Many students participate in them although they are not directly measured and related to their academic courses. Studies reveal that these activities are important positive contributors to formal programs, so in some countries they are integrated into formal programs. This qualitatively study purposed to discover if SEAs affect students' social and academic developments in Turkey. Results revealed that these facilities increased students' both social development and academic achievement. It is suggested that school administrators should organize them more.

___

Bailey, K. D. (1994) Methods of Social Research, Fourth Edition, a Division of Macmillan, Inc. New York, N.Y.
Barber, B. L., Eccles, S. J. & Stone. M. R. (2001). "Whatever Happened to the Jock, the Brain and the Princess? Young Adult Pathways Linked to Adolescent Activity Involvement and Social Identity", Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(5), 429-455.
Bogdan, R. C & Biklen, S. K. (2003). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and. Methods (4th ed.), New York: Pearson Education.
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, K. E., Akgün E. Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel F. (2008). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Pegem Akademi Yayınevi, Ankara.
Cooper, H., Valentine, J. C., Nye, B. & Lindsay, J. J. (1999). "Relationship between Five After-School Activities and Academic Achievement", Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), 369-378.
Creswell, J. (2002). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). NJ, New York: Pearson.
Darling, N., Caldwell, L.L. & Smith, R. (2008). "Participation in School based Extracurricular Activities and Adolescent Adjustment", Journal of Leisure Research, 37(1), 51-56.
Denzin, N. K. &Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Third Edition, Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Dishion, T. J., McCord, J. & Poulin, F. (1999). "When Interventions Harm: Peer Groups and Problem Behavior", American Psychologist, 54, 755-764.
Dfes (2005). Education outside the Classroom Manifesto, London: Department for Education and Skills, 1-21.
Eccles, J. & Gootman, J. A. (2002). Community Programs to Promote Youth Development. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Eccles, J. S. & Barber, B. L. (1999). "Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band: What Kind of Extracurricular Involvement Matters?" Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 10-43.
Fredericks, A. J. & Eccles, S. J. (2006). "Is Extracurricular Participation Associated with Beneficial Outcomes? Concurrent and Longitudinal Relations", Development Psychology, 42(4), 698-713.
Fujita, K. (2006). "The Effects of Extracurricular Activities on the Academic Performance of Junior High Students", Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences, 5, 1-16.
Gerber, S.B. (1996). "Extracurricular Activities and Academic Achievement", Journal of Research and Development in Education, 30, 42-50.
Gilman, R., Meyers, J. & Perez, L. (2004). "Structured Extracurricular Activities among Adolescents: Findings and Implications for School Psychologists", Psychology in the Schools, 41(1), 31-41.
Glaser, B.G. (1992). Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory. Mill Valley, Ca: Sociology Press.
Guest, A. & Schneider, B. (2003). "Adolescents' Extracurricular Participation in Context: The Mediating Effects of Schools, Communities and Identity", Sociology of Education, 76, 89-109.
Hansen, M. D., Larson, W. R. & Dworkin, B. J. (2003). "What Adolescents Learn in Organized Youth Activities: A Survey of Self-Reported Developmental Experiences", Journal of Research on Adolescents, 13(1), 25-55.
Hirsch, M. (2000). "Student Activities Snapshots", Principal Leadership, 1(2), 38-41.
Holland, A. & Andre, T. (1987). "Participation in Extracurricular Activities in Secondary School: What is Known, What Needs To Be Known?", Review of Educational Research, 57, 437-466.
Larson, R.W. (2000). "Toward A Psychology of Positive Youth Development", American Psychologist, 55(1), 170-183.
Lewis, C.P. (2004). The Relation between Extracurricular Activities with Social Competences in School Age Children: A Meta-analysis: Texas A&M University.
Llyeras, C. (2008). "Do Skills and Behaviors In High School Matter? The Contribution of Non Cognitive Factors in Explaining Differences in Educational Attainment and Earnings", Social Sciences Researches, 37, 888-902.
Logan, W. L. & Scarborouhg, J. L. (2008). "Connections through Clubs: Collaboration and Coordination of A School Wide Program", Professional School Counseling, 12(2), 1-8.
Luthar, S. S., Shoum, A. K. & Brown, J. P. (2006). "Extracurricular Involvement among Affluent Youth: A Scapegoat For Ubiquitous, Achievement Pressures?", Development Psychology, 42(3), 583-597.
Mahoney, J., Stattin, H. & Lord, H. (2004). "Unstructured Youth Recreation Centre Participation and Antisocial Behavior Development: Selection Influences and the Moderating Role of Antisocial Peers", International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 553-560.
Mahoney, J. L., Schweder, A. E. & Stattin, H. (2001). "Structured After-School Activities as Moderator of Depressed Mood For Adolescents With Detached Relations to Their Parents", Journal of Community Psychology, 30(1), 69-86.
Mahoney, J. L., Stattin, H. & Magnusson, D. (2001). "Youth Recreation Center
Participation and Criminal Offending: A 20-year Longitudinal Study of Swedish Boys", International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(6), 509-520.
Mahoney, J. L. & Stattin, H. (2000). "Leisure Activities and Adolescent Antisocial Behavior: The Role of Structure and Social Context", Journal of Adolescence, 23, 113-127.
Mahoney, L. J. & Cairns, B. R. (1997). "Do Extracurricular Activities Protect Against Early School Dropout?", Development Psychology, 33(2), 241-253.
Marsh, H. W. & Kleitman, S. (2002). "Extracurricular Activities: The Good, the Bad, and the Nonlinear", Harvard Educational Review, 72, 464-512.
Marsh, H. V. (1992). "Extracurricular Activities: Beneficial Extension of the Traditional Curriculum or Subversion of Academic Goals?", Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 553-562.
Marshall, C. & Rossman, B. G. (2006). Designing Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 4th Edition.
Mayring, P. (2000). "Qualitative Content Analysis Forum: Qualitative Social Research", 1(2). http://www.qualitativeresearch.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/ 1089/ 2384 retrieved, 15.01.2012.
McNeal Jr. & Ralph B. (1995). "Extracurricular Activities and High School Dropouts", Sociology of Education, 68(1), 62-81.
Powers, S. H., Conway, L. T., McKenzie, L. T., Sallis, F. J. & Marshall, J. S. (2002). "Participation in Extracurricular Physical Activity Programs at Middle School", Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 73(2), 187-192.
Reeves, B. D. (2008). "The Extracurricular Advantage, the Learner Leader", Educational Leadership, 66(1), 86-87.
REGA (2008). "MEB İlköğretim ve Orta Öğretim Kurumları Sosyal Etkinlikler Yönetmeliği", Resmi Gazete, No: 2607.
Sheridan, S. M. & Gutkin, T. B. (2000). "The Ecology of School Psychology: Examining and Changing Our Paradigm for the 21st Century", School Psychology Review, 29,485-501.
Shulruf, B., Turnen, S. & Tolley, H. (2008). "Extracurricular Activities in School, Do They Matter?", Children and Youth Service Review, 30, 418-426.
Smoll, F. L. & Smith, R. E. (1989). "Leadership Behaviors in Sport: A theoretical Model and Research Paradigm", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19(18), 1522-1551.
Tolley, H., Smith, S., Gasson, C., Turnen, S, Timperley, H. & Shulruf, B. (2005). Students Staff and School Engagement in Extra-curricular Activities, A Scoping Study, Auckland: University of Auckland.
Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2000). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara.
Youniss, J., Yates, M. & Su, Y. (1997). "Social Integration: Community Service and Marijuana Use in High School Seniors", Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(2), 245-262.
Wylie, C. (2005). "Leisure Activities and Adolescent Engagement in School Learning", New Zealand Council for Educational Research Paper Presented at theNZARE, Dunedin, 1-12.