Successful peacekeeping by regional organizations: Necessarily hybrid

Soğuk Savaş’ın bitişi barışı koruma operasyonlarına olan ihtiyacı ar- tırdığı gibi bu operasyonların parametrelerini de değiştirdi. Bu durum, Birleşmiş Milletler’in temel barışı koruma enstrümanı oluşunu ve bu çerçevede oynadığı rolü tamamen değiştirmese de uluslararası politika- ya yeni bir eğilim getirdi: bölgesel barışı koruma operasyonları. Bu yeni eğilim, Soğuk Savaş sonrası beliren ve uluslararası barışı tehdit eden yeni sorunları giderebilmek için Birleşmiş Milletler ile bölgesel örgütlen- melerin barışı koruma çabalarının birleştirilmesinin en iyi çözüm ola- cağını öngörmekteydi. Bölgesel örgütler, tek başlarına bir barışı koruma operasyonunu tamamıyla yürütüp başarı ile sonuçlandırabilecek kabi- liyetlere sahip değillerdir ve bu nedenle Birleşmiş Milletler’e yaslanırlar. Birleşmiş Milletler açısından ise bölgesel örgütlenmeler bölgesel barışı koruma operasyonları için yerel bir farkındalık ve ek bir operasyonellik sağlama potansiyeline sahiptirler. Ancak başarılı bölgesel barışı koru- ma operasyonları için bölgesel örgütlenmelerin çabalarının basitçe Bir- leşmiş Milletlerinkilerle birleştirilmesi yeterli değildir. Bu çalışma bir dizi bölgesel barışı koruma örneklerini inceleyerek bölgesel barışı ko- ruma operasyonlarının başarılı olabilmeleri için gereken unsurları or- taya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada ortaya konan unsurlar; açık direktif- ler/talimatlar, uluslararası meşruiyet, yeterli askeri kabiliyet, örgüt içi bağlılık, uygun kurumsal yapı ve Birleşmiş Milletler ile işbirliği şeklinde sıralanabilir. Bu unsurların incelenmesi çerçevesinde araştırmanın id- diası, bölgesel barışı koruma operasyonlarının başarılı olması için ne Birleşmiş Milletler ne de bölgesel örgütlenmeler tek başlarına yeterli ka- biliyetlere sahip olmadıklarıdır. Buna ek olarak bölgesel örgütlenmeler de bölgesel barışı koruma operasyonlarında yegane aktör olarak kabul edilemezler. Bu bağlamda çalışma, yukarıda sayılan bölgesel örgütlen- melerin yasal, siyasi ve askeri kabiliyetleri güçlendirilmedikçe ve bölge- sel örgütlenmelerle Birleşmiş Milletler arasındaki işbirliğinin yasal ve uygulama şeması gözden geçirilmedikçe bölgesel işbirliği ile ilgili yeter- sizliklerin kolay kolay giderilemeyeceğini göstermeye çalışmaktadır.

Bölgesel organizasyonlar tarafından başarılı barışı koruma: Kaçınılmaz olarak karma

The end of the Cold War not only increased the need for peacekeep- ing operations but also changed their parameters. The United Nations’ role as the major international peacekeeping actor did not change but it brought a new trend: regional peacekeeping. This new trend reflected the localization of international relations relying on the combined effort of the United Nations and regional organizations to solve post-Cold War conflicts. Regional organizations lacked sufficient capability to carry out entire operations (thereby leaning on the UN), while the UN, for its part, found the legitimacy of its peacekeeping missions reinforced by the local awareness and operability of regional organizations. The change required more than the simple merging of regional organizations’ ef- forts with the United Nations. This study analyses a number of regional peacekeeping cases to illustrate the requirements needed for successful regional peacekeeping operations today. These include clear (and work- able) mandates, international legitimacy, sufficient military capability, cohesiveness within the organization, suitable organizational structure, and cooperation with the United Nations. This study argues that in the post Cold War era, neither the UN nor regional organizations have suf- ficient capabilities alone to ensure successful peacekeeping missions, and that without the support of the UN, regional organizations can- not – yet – be accepted as sole actors in regional peacekeeping missions. Without strengthening the requirements listed above to improve region- al organizations’ legal, political and military capabilities, and without re-evaluating the modes of cooperation between regional organizations and the United Nations, the inadequacies of regional peacekeeping can- not be easily overcome.

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