INVESTIGATION OF ADOLESCENT ATTITUDES TOWARDS VIOLENCE IN TERMS OF GENDER AND SELF-EFFICACY

This study aims at investigating adolescents’ attitude toward violence in terms of gender and self- efficacy domains. This brings about the question: "Do adolescents' attitudes toward violence differ in terms of gender and academic, social, emotional and general self-efficacy levels?" Participants consisted of 1078 students, especially during the early period (12-13 years) of adolescence. These students who have attended fourteen states secondary schools in the province of Mersin/Turkey have been determined through random sampling. Research data was obtained in the fall term of 2016-2017 academic year. Attitudes Toward Violence Scale and Questionnaire for Measuring Self-Efficacy in Youths are used. In analysis phase, two-way ANOVA was used to examine the differentiation of students' attitudes toward violence in terms of gender and self-efficacy level. LSD test was used to determine the source of variance between groups. When the findings obtained from this study were examined, it was observed that the males in early adolescence had better attitudes toward violence than the females. In other words, their attitudes toward violence were more positive. According to another finding of the research, adolescents with low academic, social, emotional and general self-efficacy have higher attitudes toward violence than adolescents with high self-efficacy. Considering the common impact of gender and self-efficacy levels, the attitudes toward violence do not significantly differ.

PDF

___

Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human Aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27- 51.

Bacchini, D., Affuso, G. & Aquilar S. (2015). Multiple Forms And Settings of Exposure to Violence and Values: Unique And İnteractive Relationships With Antisocial Behavior İn Adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence [J Interpers Violence] Vol. 30 (17), Pp. 3065-88.

Balkıs, M., Duru, E., & Buluş, M. (2005). The Attitudes Towards Thesis Violence are Related to Self-Efficacy, Media, Belief in Violence, Feeling of Attachment To Friends Group And School. Ege Education Journal. 2(6), 81-97.

Baker, L.R., Cobb, R., Mcnulty, J. K., Lambert, N. M. & Fincham, F. D. (2016). Remaining İn A Situationally Aggressive Relationship: The Role of Relationship Self-Efficacy, Personal Relationships. Vol. 23 Issue 3, P591-604.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy. Toward A Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Pyschological Review, 84, 191-215

Bandura, A., N. E. Adams, & J. Beyer. (1977). Cognitice Processes Mediating Behavioral Change, Journal of Personality and Social Pyschology, 35 (3), 125-139.

Bandura, A. (1994). Self-Efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. New York: Academic Press.

Bandura, A. (1997) Self-Efficacy. The Exercise of Control. Freeman, New York 106. Blake, S.M., Ledsky, R., Goodenow, C. & O’Donnell, L. (2001). Recency of Immigration, Substance Use And Sexual Behavior Among Massachusetts Adolescents, Am J Public Health, 91, 794–798.

Bozkurt, H. (2010). Examination of Primary Education-II Students' Attitudes Towards Violence In Terms of Some Variables. Unpublished Graduate Thesis. Abant İzzet Baysal University Social Sciences Institute, Bolu.

Cantek, L. (1998). "Bottom" Notes About the Sidewalk. http://www.birikimdergisi.com/birikim Was Reached On 15.10.2016.

Caprara, G.V., Regalia, C., & Bandura, A. (2002). Longitudinal İmpact of Perceived Self Regulatory Efficacy on Violent Conduct. European Psychologist, 7, 63-69.

Conoley, J. C. & Goldstein, A. P. (Eds.) (2004). School Violence İntervention: A Practical Handbook (2nd Ed.). New York: the Guilford Press.

Çelikkaleli, Ö. Gündoğdu, M. & Kıran-Esen, B. (2006). Questionnaire For Measuring Self-Efficacy in Youths: Validity And Reliabüity Study of Turkish Form. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER) . 25, (62-72).

Çivi, S., Kutlu, R., & Marakoğlu, K. (2008). The Frequency of Violence Against Women and the Factors Affecting This: A Study On Women Who Applied To Two Primary Health Care Centers. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi, 50, 110-116.

Decou, C. R., Lynch, S.M., Cole, T. T. & Kaplan, S. P. (2015). Coping Self-Efficacy Moderates the Association Between Severity of Partner Violence and PTSD Symptoms Among Incarcerated Women, Journal of Traumatic Stress. Vol. 28 Issue 5, P465-469

Dupere, V., Leventhal, T. & Vitaro, F. (2012). Neighborhood Processes, Self-Efficacy and Adolescent Mental Health, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, V53 N2 P183-198

Elizabeth, et.all. M., (2004). Conflict Resolution Styles, Self-Efficacy, Self Control and Tuture Orientation of Urban Adoleccent. Professional School Counsiling, 8(1),73-80.

Eisman AB; Stoddard SA, Heinze J; Caldwell CH. & Zimmerman MA. (2015). Depressive Symptoms, Social Support, and Violence Exposure Among Urban Youth: A Longitudinal Study of Resilience. Developmental Psychology [Dev Psychol]. 51 (9), 1307-16.

Farrell, A. D., Henry, D. B., Schoeny, M. E., Bettencourt, A. & Tolan, P. H.(2010). Normative Beliefs and Self- Efficacy For Nonviolence as Moderators of Peer, School and Parental Risk Factors for Aggression in Early Adolescence, Journal of Clinical Child And Adolescent Psychology, 39 (6), 800-813.

Ferragut, M. B. & MJ Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2014). Analysis of Adolescent Profiles by Gender: Strengths, Attitudes Toward Violence and Sexism, Spanish Journal of Psychology; 17,10.

Finch, S., Weiley, V. Ip, E. H. & Barkin, S. (2008). Impact of Pediatricians’ Perceived Self-Efficacy and Confidence On Violence Prevention Counseling: A National Study. Maternal & Child Health Journal. 12 (1), 75-82.

Fredmann, J. L., Sers, D.O. & Carlsmith, J.M. (1998) Sosyal Psikoloji, (Çev: Ali Dönmez), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi

Ghoneem, K. A. Al-R. (2012). Attitudes of Princess Rahma College Students Toward University Violence, International Education Studies, 5(3), 98-112.

Gooding, HC., Milliren C., Austin SB., Sheridan MA. & Mclaughlin KA. (2015). Exposure to Violence İn Childhood is Associated with Higher Body Mass Index in Adolescence, Child Abuse & Neglect [Child Abuse Negl]. 50, 151-158.

Hadley, J., Mowbray, T. & Jacobs, N. (2017). Examining the Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy on Approval of Aggression and Proactive Aggression, Journal of School Violence. (Journal of School Violence), 16(1), 86-103

Hardaway, C.R., Larkby, C. A. & Cornelius, M.D. (2014). Socioemotional Adjustment as a Mediator of the Association Between Exposure to Community Violence and Academic Performance in Low-income Adolescents, Psychology of Violence, 4(3), 281-293.

Haynie, D.L., South, S.J. & Bose, S. (2006). Residential Mobility and Attempted Suicide Among Adolescents: An Individual Level Analysis. the Sociological Quarterly, 47, 693–721.

Hébert, M., Van Camp, T.; Lavoie, F., Blais, M. & Guerrier, M. (2014). Understanding the Hesitancy to Disclose Teen Dating Violence: Correlates of Self-Efficacy to Deal With Teen Dating Violence, Temida, 43-64

Işıloğlu, B. (2006). Sociodemographic Factors of Domestic Violence İn Married Women Followed By Anxiety And Depression Diagnosis, Double Adherence and Related Disease. Unpublished Expertise Thesis. Bakırköy Mental Health And Diseases Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul.

Kapıcıoğlu, İ. (2007). University Students' Perceptions of Violence, Unpublished Master Thesis, Selçuk University, Institute Of Social Sciences Psychological Services Department, Konya.

Kennedy, Traci M. &Ceballo, Rosario. (2016). Emotionally Numb: Desensitization to Community Violence Exposure Among Urban Youth, Developmental Psychology, 52(5), 778-789.

Kirsh, S.J. (2011). Children, Adolescents, and Media Violence: A Critical Look at the Research. 2.Edition. USA: SAGE Publications

Marcotte, M. A. (2016). Individual Differences in Interpretations of Justified and Unjustified Violence, Peace and Conflict: Journal Of Peace Psychology. 22(4), 393-395.

Mcknight, C.G., Huebner E.S., & Suldo, S. (2002). Relationships Among Stressful Life Events, Temperament, Problem Behaviour and Global Life Satisfaction in Adolescents. Psychology İn the Schools, 39(6), 6677- 6687.

Milan, O., Bojana, D. & Valentina, S. (2015). the Effects of Attitudes Towards Violence on Violent Behaviour Among Secondary School Students: Moderation by Gender and Aggressiveness. Zbornik Instituta Za Pedagoška Istraživanja, 47 (2), 285-304

Nguyen-Feng, V. N. et all (2016). Testing the Efficacy of Three Brief Web-Based İnterventions for Reducing Distress Among İnterpersonal Violence Survivors. Translational Issues İn Psychological Science, 2(4), Special Issue: the Psychology of Trauma. 439-448.

Josephson, W. L. & Proulx, J. B. (2008). Violence in Young Adolescents' Relationships: A Path Model, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, V23 N2 P189-208

Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/Victim Problems In School: Facts And Intervention. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 12(4), 495-510.

Oksay, Ü. (1994). Contact of ABC. İstanbul: İnkılap Publications, 58-59.

Özgür, G., Yörükoğlu, G., & Baysan-Arabacı, L. (2011). Violence Perceptions of High School Students, Levels of Violence and Influencing Factors. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 2(2), 53-60.

Pajares, F. (1997). Current Directions in Self-Efficacy Research, M. Maehr Ve P. R. Pintrich (Der.). Advances in Motivation and Achievement, (Press,10). Greenwich, CT:JAI.

Peckins MK. & Susman EJ. (2015). Variability in Diurnal Testosterone, Exposure To Violence, and Antisocial Behavior in Young Adolescents, Development and Psychopathology [Dev Psychopathol]. 27 (4), 1341- 1352.

Polat, O. (2001). Child and Violence İstanbul: Der Publisher.

Prime Ministry General Directorate of Women's Status (PMGDWS) and Hacettepe University Population Directorate Of Studies Institute, (2015). Report On Domestic Violence Against Women in Turkey, Ankara.

Rice, K. G.,Fitz Gerald, D. P., Whaley, T.J. & Gibbs, C.I. (1995). Cross-Section Longitudinal Examination of Attachment, Separation-İndividuation An College Student Adjustment. Journal of Couselingand Devolopment, 73, 463-474.

Schwartz, C. & Runtz, M. (2002). Self-Effıcacy, Community Violence, and Adolescent Dating Violence, Presented At CPA, Winner of the Ken Bowers Student Research Award.

Schwartz, D., Kelly, B., Mali, M. Luiza V. & Duong, M. T. (2016). Exposure To Violence İn the Community Predicts Friendships With Academically Disengaged Peers During Middle Adolescence, Journal of Youth And Adolescence. 45(9), 1786, 1714.

Siyez, D.M. & Kaya, A. (2010). the İnfluence of Some Psychological Problems And Socio-Demographic Variables Upon Attitudes Toward Violence İn Adolescence. Procedia Social And Behavioral Sciences.5, 334-338.

Solberg, V.S. & Villarreal, P. (1997). Examition of Self-Efficacy, Social Support And Stress As Predictors of Psychological And Physical Distress Among Hispanic College Students.Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science,19,182-201.

Steinberg,L.(2007). Adolescent, Interpreter, F.Çok. Ankara:İmge Bookstore Publications.

Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. (5. Baskı). New York: Harpercollins.

Telef, B.B & Karaca, R. (2011). Examination of Self-Efficacy and Psychological Symptoms of Adolescents. Journal of Mustafa Kemal University Social Sciences Institute. 8 (16), 449-518.

Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) (2013). Selected Indicators Mersin 2013 Handbook, Ankara: Bilge Distribution Group.

Tümtaş, M. S. (2009). Migration from Poverty to Poverty: Examples of Marmaris and Mersin. Society And Democracy. 3 (5), 111-134.

Tüzer, V. & Göka, E. (2007). Domestic Migration and Domestic Violence: Men in the West Women in the East. Women's Studies Journal, 2 (4), 56-63.

Ünalmış, M. (2010). Attitudes Toward Social Skills and Violence By Bullying / Victim Behaviors of High School 1st Grade Students. Unpublished Master's Thesis Tokat: Gazi Osman Paşa University.

Van Camp, T., Hébert, H., Guidi, E., Lavoie, F. & Blais, M. (2014). Teens’ Self-Efficacy to Deal with Dating Violence As Victim, Perpetrator or Bystander, International Review of Victimology. International Review of Victimology, 20(3):289-303.

Wareham, J., Boots, D.P., & Chavez, J.M. (2009) A Test of Social Learning and Intergenerational Transmission Among Batterers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(2), 163-173.

Whittlesey-Jerome, W. K. (2014). Adding Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy To Conventional Treatments: A Pilot Study Exploring Ways to Increase Adult Female Self-Efficacy Among Victims of Interpersonal Violence. Practitioner Scholar: Journal of Counseling & Professional Psychology. 3 (1), 82-101.

WHO, (2002). World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva, (2), 1-46.

Zimmerman, G. M., & Farrell, A. S. (2013). Gender Differences İn the Effects of Parental Underestimation of Youths’ Secondary Exposure To Community Violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 1512- 1527.

Zimmerman, G. M. & Chad P. (2016). Risk Factors For And Behavioral Consequences of Direct Versus Indirect Exposure to Violence, American Journal of Public Health [Am J Public Health].106 (1),178-88.