Mikrobiyota ve Otizm

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB), yaygınlığı giderek artan fakat sebebi hâlâ bilinmeyen nörogelişimsel bir farklılıktır. Özellikle son beş senede dünya çapında bağırsak-beyin ilişkisi büyük ilgi görmeye başlamış, nörolojik ve psikiyatrik rahatsızlıkları anlamaya çalışırken bu ilişkiyi incelemenin önemi giderek daha da vurgulanmaya başlamıştır. Otizmli bireylerin bağırsak ve mide rahatsızlıkları çektiği uzun zamandır bilinmekte, mide ve sindirim ile ilgili yaşadıkları sorunların beyinlerini etkileyerek otizm davranışlarına yol açabilme ihtimali ve bağırsakları ile beyinleri arasında bir ilişki olabileceği 1979 ve 1991 senelerinde farklı araştırmacılar tarafından öne sürülmüştür. Fakat son on senede gerçekleşen teknolojik ilerlemeler, bağırsak mikroflorasını inceleme imkânı sunmuş ve otizmde belirtilen bağırsak ve mide rahatsızlıklarına biyolojik bir pencereden bakma olanağı sağlamıştır. Bu makalede otizmli bireylerde görülen mikrobiyota farklılıkları ile bu farklılıklara yönelik önerilen tedaviler ele alınmaktadır. Son birkaç senede gerçekleşen bu gelişmelerin sağlıklı ve etkili tedavilerin ortaya çıkmasını sağlayabilmesi için atılması gereken bilimsel ve klinik adımlar önerilerek, alanın buradan sonra gelebileceği yerler tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bağırsak, Beyin, Mikrobiyota, Otizm spektrum bozukluğu, Probiyotikler

Microbiota and Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental difference that is increasingly prevalent but whose etiology is still unknown. Especially in the last five years, the relationship between the gut and the brain has begun to gain considerable attention while investigating neurological and psychiatric disorders. It has been known for a long time that individuals with ASD experience more gastrointestinal problems compared to the general public and it has been proposed by different researchers in 1979 and 1991 that the problems of stomach and digestion experienced by individuals with ASD could affect their brain and lead to ASD symptoms through a relationship between the gut and the brain. However, the technological breakthroughs in the last decade are what provided the opportunity to study the intestinal microflora, thus enabling a biological outlook at the gastrointestinal disorders experienced in autism and related theories previously proposed. This article discusses microbiota differences in individuals with ASD and suggested treatments to correct such differences. It concludes by suggesting scientific and clinical next steps that must be taken in order to ensure that these recent advances can result in the generation of safe and effective treatments for individuals with ASD.

Keywords:

Autism, Autism spectrum disorder, Gut-brain, Microbiota, Probiotics,

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