Uluslararası hukukta tazminat ve etkin hukuki korumaya ilişkin bireysel talepler

Uluslararası Hukuk devletler arasındaki hak ve yükümlülükler ötesinde bireysel hak ve yükümlülükler öngörmektedir. Bu durum Uluslararası Hukuk normlarından süje olarak bireyler için haklar istihraç edilmesine yol açmıştır. Geleneksel Uluslararası Hukuka göre Uluslararası Hukuk kurallarının ihlâl edilmesi durumunda devletler vatandaşlarının zararını diplomatik koruma yolu ile talep eder. Sürekli Adalet Divanı Danzig-Danışma Görüşünde bireylerin uluslararası anlaşmaların ihlâli nedeniyle doğan tazminat taleplerinin ulusal mahkemelerde dava edilebileceğini kabul etmiştir. Bireylerin Uluslararası Hukukun ihlâli nedeniyle doğan tazminat talepleri bölgesel ve evrensel insan halkları sözleşmelerinin yapılması muvacehesinde bu sözleşmelerde öngörülen teminat mekanizmaları işletilerek karşılanmaktadır. Tazminat taleplerine ilişkin olarak bu çerçevede insan hakları sözleşmelerinin öngördüğü teminat düzenlemeleri ile insani uluslararası hukuk teminat düzenlemelerinin kesişme örnekleri bulunmaktadır. Bu durum Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin gerek savaş zamanında, gerekse barış zamanında işlenen ağır uluslararası suçlar için yetkili kabul edilmesinde iler gelmektedir. Makale örneklerle değişik seviyelerde yapılan bireysel tazminat taleplerine ışık tutmaktadır.

Compensation in international law and ındividual demands in relation to effective legal protection

International law provides individual rights and obligations beyond rights and obligations between states. As a consequence of that rights are educed from norms of International Law for individuals as a subject. In case of violation of international law states claim their citizens damage by diplomatic protection in terms of traditional international law. In accordance with the consulting view of the Permanent Court of International Justice on Danzig case, it has been accepted that damages of individuals by reason of violation of international agreements can be litigated in national courts. The compensation claims of individuals by reason of violation of international law are supplied by the guarantee mechanism that provided by regional and universal conventions on human rights. With relation to compensation claims within this framework, there are examples on intersection between compensation provisions provided by human rights conventions and compensation provisions provided by humanitarian international law. This circumstance arises from the recognition of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court for international serious offences that are committed both in wartime and in peacetime. This article sets light to different split-level individual compensation claims by examples.

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