SADÎ ŞİRAZÎ’NİN BOSTAN VE GÜLİSTAN ESERLERİNİN YÖNETİMSEL AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ

Sadî Şirazî, Fars edebiyatının en önemli isimlerindendir. Şirazî'nin mesnevi tarzında yazdığı 'Bostan' ve 'Gülistan' edebî açıdan güçlü bir eserdir. Hikmeti temel alan konuları anlatan bu eser, Türk eğitim tarihi açısından önemli kaynaklardandır. Şirazî çeşitli yerleri dolaşmış, gözlemler yapmış ve gördüklerini bu iki esere aktarmıştır. Yaptığı seyahatler, düşüncelerini evrensel bir boyuta taşımıştır. Düşüncelerinde evrensel İslamî özellikler taşıyan Şirazî, riyakâr sofulara da şiddetle karşı çıkar. Büyük bir insan ve tabiat sevgisiyle dolu olan Şirazi, yazdığı bu iki eserde özellikle hoşgörüyü anlattığı öykülere yer vermektedir. 13. yüzyılda yazılmış olan 'Bostan' ve 'Gülistan'daki öykülerin, verdiği mesajlar açısından geçerliliğini koruduğunu görmekteyiz. Türkçe, Almanca ve İngilizce gibi pek çok dile çevrilmiş olan bu eserler, çeşitli konularda araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmiştir. Edebî açıdan da değerli olan 'Bostan' ve 'Gülistan', İslam coğrafyasında çok okunmuş, özellikle Gülistan, Osmanlı medreselerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, pek çok hikmetli, ahlâkî, eğitici nitelikler taşıyan ve Türk eğitim tarihinde, önemli bir yere sahip olan 'Bostan' ve 'Gülistan' yönetimsel açıdan incelenmiştir. Eserler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiş ve yönetimsel açıdan verilen mesajlar, iyi bir devlet yöneticisinin sahip olması gereken özellikler, cümle veya paragraflarla örneklendirilmiştir. Şirazî, bu iki eserde, iyi bir yöneticinin taşıması gereken özelliklerin başında hoşgörü ve insan sevgisinin geldiğini vurgular

AN ANALYSIS OF SADİ-İ ŞİRAZÎ’S WORKS TITLED BOSTAN AND GÜLİSTAN FROM A GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE

Sadî Şirazî is among the leading names of Persian literature. Especially ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ written by Sirazi in Mesnevi style are two powerful works in the literary sense. This work, which is about wisdom, is among the literature resources that are important in terms of Turkish educational history. Şirazi travelled many places, made observations and reflected his observations to these two works. His travel experiences have carried his ideas to a universal level. With universal Islamic elements in his works, Şirazî strongly antagonizes hypocrite ascetics. Filled with a huge love for humans and nature, Sirazi has integrated stories to these two works, whereby he talks about his ideas about tolerance and his humanitarian ideology. We see that the stories featured in works titled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’, which were written in the 13th century, are still relevant in terms of the messages they convey. These works, which have been translated into numerous languages including Turkish, German and English, have attracted the attention of researchers in many aspects. ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which are very valuable in the literary sense as well, had a very big audience in the Islamic geography and was used as a textbook especially in madrasahs of Gulistan and Ottoman Empire. In this study, ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which has a significant place in Turkish education history and carry numerous educatory and moral elements, have been analyzed from a governance perspective. The works were reviewed by the authors using descriptive analysis and messages conveyed in terms of governance, qualifications of an ideal state governor were exemplified using sentences or paragraphs. In these two works, Sirazi emphasizes that two main qualifications that a good governor should possess are mainly tolerance and love for humans.Sadî Şirazî is among the leading names of Persian literature. Especially ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ written by Sirazi in Mesnevi style are two powerful works in the literary sense. This work, which is about wisdom, is among the literature resources that are important in terms of Turkish educational history. Şirazi travelled many places, made observations and reflected his observations to these two works. His travel experiences have carried his ideas to a universal level. With universal Islamic elements in his works, Şirazî strongly criticizes hypocrite ascetics. Filled with a huge love for humans and nature, Sirazi has integrated stories to these two works, whereby he talks about his ideas about tolerance and his humanitarian ideology. We see that the stories featured in works entitled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’, which were written in the 13th century, are still relevant in terms of the messages they convey. These works, which have been translated into numerous languages including Turkish, German and English, have attracted the attention of researchers in many aspects. ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which are very valuable in the literary sense as well, had a very big audience in the Islamic geography and was used as a textbook especially in madrasahs of Gulistan and Ottoman Empire. In this study, ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which has a significant place in Turkish education history and carry numerous educatory and moral elements, have been analyzed from a governance perspective. The works were reviewed by the authors using descriptive analysis and messages conveyed in terms of governance. The qualifications of an ideal state governor were exemplified throughout sentences or paragraphs. In these two works, Sirazi emphasizes that two main qualifications that a good governor should possess are mainly tolerance and love for humans. Sadî is known as the pioneer of a new genre in Iranian poetry. Sadi has a perfect phraseology and his style, which is seemingly simple, actually cannot be duplicated.The first tendency in Islam literature, towards covering the human element, and discussing the existence of man in the universe and aiming to better understand man, is observed for the first time in Sadi’s poems. With an approach that carries the traces of Islamic Sufism, he shows mankind various paths leading to maturity. Sadi’s first well-known work ‘Bostan’ was written in Mesnevi style. In this work, which reflects the notion of Islamic Sufism, virtues such as love, openheartedness and humbleness that make humans human were praised. In this work Sadi also makes important recommendations in terms of governance. He describes clearly and with a very effective tongue, the qualifications of ideal state governance and state leader. It is observed that these works written in the 13th century carry elements of classical literature both in terms of subjects covered and in terms of their applicability to contemporary world. The purpose of this study is to analyze Siraz’s expressions related state governance in his works titled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gulistan’ as well as the related tales. In these works, Sirazi gives important messages regarding the duties of a state leader in terms of ensuring welfare and peace for the people under the reign of that state. Qualities of ideal state leaders are outlined as follows in these tales. It is noted that the state leader should be humanitarian in order to ensure happiness and peace among his people. This quality is one of the qualities that a state leader should possess in accordance with the theory of human relations. Human relations theory emphasizes human-human relations and brings to the forefront, the importance that state leaders place on the psychological and sociological needs of people living under their governance (Aktan, 1999). It demonstrates the punitive qualities of autocratic leaders by which they punish people under their authority. Here we observe the typical quality of autocratic leaders, which is unjust punishment. Besides, some quotes from these works show examples that demonstrate the democratic qualities of the state leader. In his tales, Sirazi emphasizes the fact that a state leader should be just and equitable towards people under his governance and not to cause any kind of unjust to them. Sirazi also emphasizes humbleness and tolerance as qualities of a humanistic leader. Supportive leaders have humanitarian sides and treat everyone equally without favoring certain people, place importance on hardworking people and are tolerant towards them when they make mistakes (Argon, 2014). Sirazi in his tales states that a state leader should possess these qualities. Another noteworthy aspect of these works is that, in addition to Sadi Sirazi explaining his views as to the qualities of an ideal state leader, he also emphasizes in the best way, the concept of humanitarian thinking in the tales in these works. Below are the related findings regarding his work entitled ‘Gulistan’: With the examples he gives, Sirazi emphasizes the helplessness of the state leader’s people and the people’s endeavors to support the state leader because of this helplessness. According to Sirazi, the people whom one should be afraid of the most are the people who are in helplessness. Because the people who are in fear of the tyranny of their leader would want to stay close to and support their leader and maybe this closeness would destroy the leader. People who unite and organize may want to get rid of the state leader with whom they got close in order to avoid his possible tyranny. The message he gives in some of his tales is “if the state leader treats his people well, he does not need to be afraid of even the mightiest enemy of his”. Here once again qualities of a humanistic state leader are mentioned. This quote indicates that the state leader does not care about the special needs of his people and cares only about his state affairs, or in other words, that his own interests take precedence over the interests of his people. Unlike the message given by Sirazi in his quote “If you treat your helpless people good, you would not have to be scared of your mightiest enemy”, here the emphasis is that the state leader who never supports his people would be left alone by his own people in his hard times. Sirazi also emphasizes the importance of the consistency of the actions and attitudes of a good state leader. Sirazi states that the most important quality that a good state leaders should possess is having a democratic stance. A democratic leader should never seize the rights and properties of people living on the lands he conquers and should treat them with justice. Sirazi is one of the leading intellectuals and writers of the Eastern Literature. Written in the 13th century, Bostan and Gulistan are among the prominent works of literature of Eastern Literature. Numerous studies have demonstrated the fact that these works, which were found to be worth to be researched with regard to Turkish education history, have reached large audiences especially in Ottoman geography. The common finding of this study that analyzes Sadi Sirazi’s works titled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gulistan’ in terms of state governance and leadership, with other similar studies carried out on Sirazi’s works titled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gulistan’ is that man must first of all have tolerance. Tolerance is the most important prerequisite of being a good person and a good leader. Sadi Sirazi possesses a philosophical ideology that carries tolerance to the dimension of humanism. Based on the tales analyzed in this study, we can argue that the state leaders that are loved and respected the most by people are those that have tolerance. In these works, Sirazi demonstrated the ideal qualities of a state leader based on numerous tales. It is stated that selection of state leaders from among those that are beloved and sympathized by public is essential for both ensuring the perpetuity of the state and the state leader. It is emphasized that a leader who is beloved by his people would not have to be afraid of any of his enemies and that the leader should be humanitarian in order to ensure happiness and peace among his people. According to the theory of human relations it is important that the psychological and sociological needs of people are given importance by the leader of those people. In some of his tales, Sirazi also draws attention to the undesired outcomes of punishing people without giving them the opportunity to defend themselves. He mentions that the leaders should especially by democratic and that a democratic leader is someone who has values such as equity, lawfulness and justice. In his works, Sadi Sirazi places great importance on wisdom and advice. With the topics he covers, Sirazi particularly talks about how an ideal state leader should be and states that a state leader who never compromises righteousness and is always just and values his people more than he values himself, actually carries the qualities for an ideal state leader. He supports this view with numerous tales. An ideal state leader is the one who is always beloved by his people and makes it possible to achieve a higher level of welfare thanks to his cooperation with his people.

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Turkish Studies (Elektronik)-Cover
  • ISSN: 1308-2140
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2006
  • Yayıncı: Mehmet Dursun Erdem
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