EMERGENCE OF COMPLEX SENTENCES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Yabancı dil öğrenmede karmaşık cümleler üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar son yıllarda giderek artmaktadır. Çeşitli teoriler karmaşık cümlelerin doğasını anlama yönünde farklı perspektifler geliştirmiştir.Çalışmanın kuramsal arka planı, temel çeşitlilik ve kullanım temelli yapı dilbilgisine dayanmaktadır. Her iki kuram da yapıların kademeli olarak birinci veya ikinci dilde ortaya çıkmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma, bir yıl süreyle İngilizcenin yabancı dil olarak öğretildiği hazırlık programına katılan Türk öğrenciler tarafından yazılan cümlelerin incelenerek karmaşık cümlelerin kademeli olarak ortaya çıkışına odaklanmayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışmanın yöntemi, derlem tabanlı ve betimleyici nitelikte tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma, 53 öğrenci makalesinden elde edilen 1253 cümle ve toplamda 12.000 sözcükten oluşan küçük bir derlem üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, isim, zarf ve sıfat cümleciklerinden oluşan karmaşık cümlelerin üretici olarak karmaşık yapılar yerine formüle dayalı bir biçimde ortaya çıktığını ve isim ve zarf cümleciklerinin en sık kullanılan cümlecikler olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu erken dönemde ortaya çıkan karmaşık yapıların formül temelli ve sözcüksel kullanımı, ikinci dil ediniminin de çoklu sözcük bileşenine göre ilerleyebileceğini ve ilk dil edinim yolu ile benzerlik gösterebileceğine işaret etmektedir. . Sonuçlar, sıklık ve dile yoğun maruz kalmanın karmaşık yapıların oluşumunda belirleyici unsurlar olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, zenginleştirilmiş etkinliklerin karmaşık cümlelerin üretimini arttırmada önemli olduğu söylenebilir. Karmaşık yapılarla ilgili gerçekçi ve anlamlı etkinliklerin geliştirilmesi, uygulayıcı olarak öğretmenler tarafından desteklenmelidir

İKİNCİ DİL EDİNİMİNDE KARMAŞIK CÜMLELERİN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI

Research into complex sentences in foreign language learning has been incremental in recent years. Various theories have developed different perspectives towards understanding the nature of complex sentences. The theoretical background of the study is based on basic variety and usage-based construction grammar. Both theories emphasize the importance of constructions gradually emerging in first or second language. This study aims to focus on gradual emergence of complex sentences by examining the sentences written by Turkish adult learners of English attending a preparatory program for a year. The design of the study was corpus-based and descriptive. The research was conducted with a small corpus of 53 student essays composed of 1253 sentences totaling 12.000 words. The results showed that complex sentences consisting of noun, adverbial and relative clauses emerge in a formulaic manner rather than generatively complex constructions. The most commonly used clauses were noun and adverbial clauses. The formulaic and lexicalized use of these early complex constructions show that second language acquisition might also proceed in accordance with multiword component and show similarity to first language acquisition path. The results suggest that frequency and entrenchment seem to be significant determinants and factors in formation of complex constructions. However, it remains important to reinforce production of complex sentences with richly designed activities. Development of authentic and meaningful tasks related to complex constructions need to be endorsed by teachers as practitioners.

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