Terör Örgütlerinde Örgütsel Öğrenme: Örgüt Kültürü Anlayışı Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme

Terörizm, tecrübe edilen dönemin en ciddi güvenlik sorunlarından biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Örgüt vurgusu, terörizmin tanımı çerçevesinde ele alınan pek çok kavramın içerisinde oldukça önemlidir. Terör grupları; varlıklarını devam ettirmek, siyasi amaçlarını ulaşmak ve eylemlerini gerçekleştirmek için sistematik bir örgütsel yapılanma oluşturma ve bu bağlamda davranış gösterme eğiliminde bulunmaktadırlar. Günümüzde terör örgütleri, kurumsal ve organize yapılar olarak işlev görme arayışındadır. Bu doğrultuda örgüt kültürü ve öğrenme anlayışı bu yasa dışı yapılar için özel bir önem taşımaktadır. Terör örgütleri sürekli öğrenen varlıklar haline gelirlerken, örgüt kültürü de öğrenme süreçleri bağlamında şekillenmektedir. Örgüt kültürü ve öğrenme süreçleri, örgütün kimliğini ve davranışlarını belirleyen en temel etkenlerdendir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle örgüt kültürü, örgütsel öğrenme ve terör örgütleri üzerine kavramsal bir çerçeveye yer verilecektir. Böylece çalışmanın anahtar noktaları okuyucuya sunulacaktır. Ardından terör örgütlerinin tecrübe ettikleri örgütsel öğrenme süreçleri ve bu bağlamdaki kültürel gelişim, çeşitli örneklerle ele alınacaktır. Bu bölümde bir örgütlenme olarak terör gruplarının öğrenme süreçlerini nasıl tecrübe ettikleri, hangi yöntemlerden yararlandıkları ve örgüt kültürünün üyeler tarafından nasıl benimsendiği incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Sonuçta ise terör örgütlerinin öğrenme davranışlarıyla ile ilgili bir değerlendirme yapılacak ve terörle mücadelede öğrenme süreçlerinin okunmasının gerekliliğine vurgu ifade edilecektir. Çalışmanın; giderek etki boyutları artan terör örgütlerinin, öğrenme süreçleri bağlamında tecrübe ettikleri dönüşümün ortaya konulması bağlamında alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Organizational Learning in Terrorist Organizations: An Evaluation Through Understanding of Organizational Culture

Terrorism is seen as one of the most serious security problems of the period experienced.Organizational emphasis is very important among many concepts that are considered within the framework ofthe definition of terrorism. Terrorist groups tend to form a systematic organizational structure and act in thiscontext in order to survive, achieve their political goals and carry out their actions. Today, it is possible to statethat terrorist organizations seek to function like other institutional and organized structures. Accordingly,organizational culture and learning understanding are of special importance for those illegal groups. Whileterrorist organizations are gradually becoming constantly learning assets, organizational culture is shaped inthe context of learning processes. Organizational culture and learning processes are the main factors thatdetermine the identity and behavior of the organization. In this study, first, a conceptual framework onorganizational culture, organizational learning and terrorist organizations will be included. Thus, the key pointsof the study will be presented to the reader. Then, the organizational learning processes experienced by terroristorganizations and cultural development in this context will be discussed with various examples. In this section,it will be tried to examine how terrorist groups experience learning processes as an organization, what methodsthey use and how the organizational culture is adopted by the members. In the conclusion, an assessment willbe made on the learning behavior of terrorist organizations and the need to analyze learning processes in thefight against terrorism will be emphasized. It is thought that the study will contribute to the field in the contextof revealing the transformation experienced by terrorist organizations with increasing impact dimensions inthe context of learning processes

___

  • Abrahams, M. (2010). What terrorists really wants. İçinde M. E. Brown (Ed.), Contending with terrorism: roots, strategies, and responses (171-198). The MIT Press.
  • Abubakar, D. (2017). From sectarianism to terrorism in the Northern Nigeria: a closer look at Boko Haram. İçinde C. Varin ve D. Abubakar (Eds.), Violent non-state actors in Africa: terrorists, rebels and warloads. Palgrave Mcmillian.
  • Argyris, C. & Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective. AddisonWesley Publications.
  • Azani, E. (2013). The hybrid terrorist organization: Hezbollah as a case study. Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 36(11), 899-916.
  • Badran, D. (2010). Hybrid genres and the cognative positioning of audience in the political discourse of Hizbollah. Critical Discourse Studies, 7(3), 191-201.
  • Bauer, W. (2018). Çalınan hayatlar: Boko Haram ve Afrika’nın kalbindeki terör. (S. Özhan çev.). Kor.
  • Brewer, E. W. & Clippard, L. F. (2002). Burnout and job satisfaction among student support services personnel. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13(2), 169-186.
  • Brown, A. (1998). Organisational culture. Financial Times Pitman Publishing.
  • Crenshaw, M. (1991). How terrorism declines. Terrorism and Political Violence, 3 (1), 69-87.
  • Cronin, A. K. (2010). How Al- Qaida ends: the decline and demise of terrorist groups. Contending with terrorism: roots, strategies, and responses (377-418). The MIT Press.
  • Cronin, B. (2006). Intelligence, terrorism, and national security. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 39(1), 395-432.
  • Cyert, R. M. &March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Prentice-Hall.
  • Edmondson, A. & Moingeon, B. (2004). From organizational learning to the learning organization. İçinde C. Grey &E. Antonacopoulou (Eds.), Essential Readings in Management Learning (21-36). SAGE Publications.
  • Fiol, C.M. & Lyles, M.A. (1985). Organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 10, 803–813.
  • Ganor, B. (2002). Defining terrorism: is one man’s terrorist another man’s freedom fighter? Police Practice and Research, 3(4), 287-304.
  • Ganor, B. (2008). Terrorist organization typologies and the probability of a boomerang effect. Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 31(4), 269-283.
  • Garavan, T. (1997). The learning organization: a review and evaluation. The Learning Organization, 4(1), 18-29.
  • Garvin, D. A. (2000). Learning in action: a guide to putting the learning organization to work. Harvard Business School Press.
  • Gordon, J. (2001). Organizational behavior: a diognostic approach. Prencite Hall.
  • Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizaitional learning: the contributing processes and the literatüre. Organization Science, 2(1), 88-115.
  • Hughbank, R. J. (2007). Guerilla warfare and law enforcement: combating the 21st century terrorist cell within the United States. İçinde J. J. F. Forest (Ed.), Countering terrorism and insurgency in the 21st century: International perspectives volume 1: Strategic and tactical considerations (235-252). Praeger Security International.
  • Karmon, E. (2005). Coalitions between terrorist organizations: revolutions, nationalities and Islamists. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Kuvaas, B. (2006). Work performance, affective commitment, and work motivation: the roles of pay administration and pay level. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 365-385.
  • Kydd, A. H. &Walter, B. F. (2010). The strategies of terrorism. İçinde M. E. Brown vd. (Eds.), Contending with terrorism: Roots, strategies, and responses (93-125). The MIT Press.
  • Levitt, B. & March, J. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 319-338.
  • Lewis, J. (2005). Language wars: the role of media and culture in global terror and political violance. Pluto Press.
  • Manatje, O. & Martins, N. (2009). The relationship between organisational culture and organisational commitment. Southern African Businees Review, 13(1), 87-111.
  • Martins, N. & Martins, E. (2003). Organisational culture. S.P. Robbins, A. Odendaal & G. Roodt (Eds.), Organisational behaviour: Global and Southern African prespectives. Pearson Education South Africa.
  • Merari, A. (2007). Terrorism as a strategy of insurgency. İçinde G. Chaliand & A. Blin (Eds.), The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. University of California Press.
  • Ortiz, R. D. (2002). Insurgent strategies in the post-cold war: the case of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 25(2), 127-143.
  • Örtenblad, A. (2001). On differences between organizational learning and learning organization. The Learning Organization, 8 (3), 125-133.
  • Palmer-Fernandez, G. (2005). Terrorism, innocence and justice. Philosophy and Public Quarterly, 25(3), 22-27. Parsons, T. (1970), Social systems. İçinde O. Grusky & G. Miller (Eds.), The sociology of organizations: Basic studies. The Free Press.
  • Pettigrew, A. M. (1979). On studying organizational cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 570-581.
  • Philips, P. J. (2011). The life cycle of terrorist organization. International Adavances in Economic Research, 17, 369-385.
  • Phillips, B. J. (2019). Foreign terrorist organization designation, international cooperation, and terrorism. International Interactions, 45(2), 316-343.
  • Popper, M. & Lipshitz, R. (2004). Organizational learning: mechanisms, culture, and feasibility. İçinde C. Grey &E. Antonacopoulou (Eds.). Essential readings in management learning (37-52). SAGE Publications.
  • Pricopi, M. (2016). Tactics used by the terrorist organisation Boko Haram. Scientific Bulletin, 1 (41), 40-45.
  • Ranstorp, M (1994). Hizbollah’s command leadership: its structure, decision-making and relationship with Iranian clergy and institution. Terrorism and Political Violance, 6(3), 303-339.
  • Ranstrop, M. & Normark, M. (Eds.) (2009). Unconventional weapons and ınternational terrorism: challanges and new approaches. Routledge.
  • Rodin, D. (2004). Terrorism without intention. Ethics, 114(4), 752-771
  • Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture. American Psychologist, 45(2), 109-119.
  • Schmid, A. P. (2011). The definition of terrorism. A. P. Schmid (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of terrorism research. Routledge.
  • Schmid, A. P. & Jongman, A. J. (2017). Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, and literature. Routledge.
  • Scott, W. R. & Davis, G. F. (2006). Organizations and organizing: rational, natural and open system perspectives. Routledge.
  • Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline: the art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday.
  • Smircich, L. (September 1983). Concepts of culture and organizational analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(3), 339-353.
  • Thackrah, J. R. (2004). Dictionary of terrorism. Routledge.
  • Turjillo, H. R. & Jackson, B. A. (2005). Theory: organizational learning as a four-component process. B. A. Jackson v.d., Aptitude for destruction: case studies of organizational learning in five terrorist groups (181-190). RAND.
  • Wege, C. A. (1994). Hizbollah organization. Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 17(2), 151-164.
  • Yağmurlu, A. (1997). Örgüt kültürü: tanımlar ve yaklaşımlar. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 52 (1), 717-724.