Mehmet DEMİR, Ümit Bilge DOĞAN, Gonca ÖZYAZICI, Mustafa Salih AKIN, Agah Bahadır ÖZTÜRK, Nevin ÖZTÜRK AKÇAER, Ali Suha BÖNGÖL

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey*

Background/aim: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 was found to be dominant in Turkey. In this study, HCV genotypes were examined in the Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey. Materials and methods: The study consisted of 639 HCV-RNA positive patients with chronic HCV infection in Adana (214 males and 101 females) and Antakya (139 males and 185 females) in Turkey. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used for genotype determination. Results: In Antakya, it was determined that the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (0.31%), 1b (86.73%), 2 (9.26%), 3 (0.93%), and 4 (2.78%) were compatible with the nationwide results seen in Turkey. In Adana, the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (3.49%), 1b (55.24%), 2 (14.60%), 3 (26.03%), and 4 (0.63%) were found to be different. This difference was mainly due to the infection rates in males: genotype 1b was significantly lower (42.5% versus 82.2%, P < 0.001) in men in Adana, but genotype 2 (17.8% versus 7.9%, P = 0.021) and genotype 3 (34.6% versus 7.9%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in men than in women in Adana. Conclusion: Rates of genotypes 2 and 3 were unexpectedly high in Adana compared to other parts of Turkey

PDF

___

1. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C fact sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2014. Available at http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/.
2. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 529538.
3. Forns X, Bukh J. The molecular biology of hepatitis C virus. Genotypes and quasispecies. Clin Liver Dis 1999; 3: 693716.
4. Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 558567.
5. Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H Jr, Morgan TR, Balan V, Diago M, Marcellin P, Ramadori G, Bodenheimer H Jr, Bernstein D, Rizzetto M et al. Peginterferon-α2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 346355.
6. Simmonds P, Bukh J, Combet C, Deléage G, Enomoto N, Feinstone S, Halfon P, Inchauspé G, Kuiken C, Maertens G et al. Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology 2005; 42: 962973.
7. Abacioglu YH, Davidson F, Tuncer S, Yap PL, Ustacelebi S, Yulug N, Simmonds P. The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Turkish patients. Viral Hepatit J 1995; 2: 297301.
8. Erensoy S, Goksel S, Akarca US, Ozkahya M, Canatan D. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus by direct sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. Flora 2002; 7: 104111.
9. Bozdayı G, Rota S, Verdi H, Derici Ü, Sindel Ş, Bali M, Başay T. Investigation of the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysis patients and determination of HCV genotypes. Mikrobiyol Bul 2002; 36: 291300 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
10. Bozdayi AM, Aslan N, Bozdayi G, Türkyilmaz AR, Sengezer T, Wend U, Erkan O, Aydemir F, Zakirhodjaev S, Orucov S et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B, C and D viruses in Turkish patients. Arch Virol 2004; 149: 21152129.
11. Selcuk H, Kanbay M, Korkmaz M, Gur G, Akcay A, Arslan H, Ozdemir N, Yilmaz U, Boyacioglu S. Distribution of HCV genotypes in patients with end-stage renal disease according to type of dialysis treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 14201425.
12. Çil T, Özekinci T, Göral V, Altıntaş A. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in the southeast region of Turkey. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2007; 27: 496500 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
13. Kalaycı R, Altındiş M, Gülamber C, Demirtürk N, Akcan Y, Demirdal T. Genotype distribution of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients and investigation of the resistance patterns in hepatitis B cases. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 237243 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
14. Karslıgil T, Savaş E, Savaş MC. Genotype distribution and 5 UTR nucleotide changes in hepatitis C virus. Balkan Med J 2011; 28: 232236 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
15. Küçüköztaş MF, Özgüneş N, Yazıcı S. Investigation of the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes with HCV-RNA and alanine aminotransferase levels in chronic hepatitis C patients. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 111115 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
16. Gökahmetoğlu S, Atalay MA, Kılınç A. Determination of the hepatitis C virus genotypes with pyrosequencing method. Erciyes Med J 2011; 33: 99102 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
17. Kayman T, Karakükçü Ç, Karaman A, Gözütok F. Genotypic distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Kayseri region. J Turk Mikrobiyol Soc 2012; 42: 2126 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
18. Yarkın F, Hafta A. The distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Viral Hepatit J 2000; 3: 164167 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
19. Sönmez E, Taşyaran MA, Kızılkaya N, Korkut H, Tombul Z, Akçam ZC, Yılmaz Ş, Köksal F, Leblebicioğlu H, Ekici H. The distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in 59 HCV infected patients: a multicenter study. Flora 1996; 2: 9295 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
20. Yalçın K, Değertekin H, Akkız H. HCV genotypes in HCV related chronic hepatitis in Southeast Anatolia. Turk J Gastroenterol 1999; 10: 249252.
21. Özacar T, Altuğlu İ, Zeytinoğlu A, Sayıner AA, Akarca U, Erensoy S, Bilgiç A. Distribution of HCV genotypes in chronic hepatitis C. Mikrobiyol Bul 2001; 35: 451458 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
22. Altindis M, Yilmaz S, Dikengil T, Acemoglu H, Hosoglu S. Seroprevalence and genotyping of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV among healthy population and Turkish soldiers in Northern Cyprus. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 67926796.
23. Gökahmetoğlu S, Bozdayı M, Özbakır O, Aygen B, Özbal Y, Soyuer I, Yıldız O. Hepatitis C virus genotypes detected in Erciyes University. J Turk Mikrobiyol Soc 2007; 37: 3538.
24. Ural O, Arslan U, Fındık D. The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotype in the Konya region, Turkey. Turkish J Infection 2007; 21: 175181 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
25. Altuglu I, Soyler I, Ozacar T, Erensoy S. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in western Turkey. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 239244.
26. Şanlıdağ T, Akçalı S, Özbakkaloğlu B, Ertekin D, Akduman E. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotype in Manisa region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2009; 43: 613618 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
27. Çiftçi İH, Er H, Aşık G, Aktepe OC, Altındiş M. The distribution of genotype of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA positive patients. Med J Kocatepe 2009; 10: 2124 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
28. Ozbek E, Ozekinci T, Mese S, Atmaca S. Hepatitis C virus genotypes are changing in the southeast of Turkey. Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq 2009; 23: 15211523.
29. Aktaş E, Ögedey ED, Külah C, Beğendik Cömert F. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in a province of western Black-Sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 647650 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
30. Çelik C, Bakıcı MZ, Kaygusuz R, Ertürk R. The searching of HCV genotyping distributions in the region of Sivas. Viral Hepatit J 2010; 16: 106110 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).