Micronucleus test, nuclear abnormalities and accumulation of cu and cd on Gambusia affinis (baird & girard, 1853)

Bu çalışmada Cu ve Cd’un Gambusia affinis’te birikimi, mikronukleus ve nükleer anormalliklerin oluşumu çalışılmıştır. Balıklar 0.1 ppm ve 1 ppm Cu ve Cd konsantrasyonları ile bir ve iki hafta, 0.1 ppm Cu + 0.1 ppm Cd karışım konsantrasyonu ile iki hafta yarı statik sistemde muamele edilmişlerdir. Mikronukleus ve nükleer anormallikler periferik kan eritrositlerinde analiz edilmiştir. Cu ve Cd’un birlikte uygulandığı balıklarda, Cu birikimi tek başına (0.1 ppm) uygulandığı gruba göre artış göstermiştir. Mikronukleus ve nükleer anormallik test sonuçları, Cu ve Cd’un balık eritrositlerinde mikronukleus frekansını anlamlı arttırmamasına rağmen nükleer anormallikleri kontrole göre anlamlı arttırdığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

alyuvarlar, kadmiyum, Gambusia affinis, çekirdek, bakır, anormallikler, teşhis

Cu ve cd’un Gambusia affinis (baird ve girard, 1853)’te birikimi, mikronukleus testi ve nükleer anormalliklerin oluşumu

In last decades, environmental contamination by metals has received significant attention especially with respect to effects on aquatic ecosystems. Rivers and lakes, directly influenced by mining, metal smelting and other industrial activities; have been contaminated by many potentially toxic trace metals such as Cadmium (Cd) and Copper (Cu). (Pacyna et al., 1995; Mohapatra and Rengarajan, 1996; Eiseler, 1998; Kalay, 1996; Kargın and Çoğun, 1999). Fish require Cu as micronutrients (Watanabe et al., 1997) and can obtain these metals from either water or their diet (Handy, 1996; Eiseler, 1998). However it may become toxic when present in high concentrations in the environment. Copper toxicity to aquatic biota is related primarily to dissolved cupric ion (Cu+2) and possibly to some hydroxyl complexes. Cd is a ubiquitous toxicant which has been recognized as one of the most deleterious nonessential heavy metals (Stoeppler, 1991). Cd is typically found at very low (i.e. parts per billion) concentrations in rivers, lakes and ponds (Lugowska, 2007; Donson, 1992; Hollis et al., 1999). Cd is among the most toxic metals in the aquatic environment, possesses no known biological role and exhibits high toxicity if allowed to accumulate in metabolicallyactive tissues (Sorensen, 1991). In fish, Cd can damage gills (Voyer et al., 1975; Eiseler, 1998; Canlı and Kargın, 1995) result in skeletal deformities

Keywords:

erythrocytes, cadmium, Gambusia affinis, nuclei, copper, abnormalities, diagnosis,

PDF

___

Al-Sabti, K. and Metcalfe, C.D. 1995. Fish micronuclei for assessing genotoxicity in water. Mutation Research, 343: 121–135. doi:10.1016/0165-1218(95)90078-0
Al-Yousuf, M.H., El-Shahawi, M.S. and Al-Ghais, S.M. 2000. Trace metals in liver, skin and muscle of Lethrinus lentjan fish species in relation to body length and sex. Sci. Total Environ., 256: 87–94. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00363-0
Arkhipchuk, V.V. and Garanko, N.N. 2005. Using the nuclear biomarker and the micronucleus test on in vivo fish fin cells. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 62: 42- 52. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.01.001
Ayllon, F. and Garcia-Vazquez, E. 2000. Induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in European minnow Phoxinus and mollie Poecilia latipinna: an assessment of the fish micronucleus test. Mutat. Res., 467(2): 177-186. doi:10.1016/S1383-5718(00)00033-4
Besser, J.M., Brumbaugh, W.G., May, T.W., Church, S.E. and Kimball, B.A. 2001. Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Animas river watershed, Colorado. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40: 48–59.
Bowles, K.C., Apte, S.C., Maher, W.A., Kawei, M. and Smith, R. 2001. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury in Lake Murray, Papua New Guinea. Can. J. of Fish. Aquat. Sci., 58: 888– 897. doi:10.1139/cjfas-58-5-888
Brooks, B.W., Stanley, J.K., White, J.C., Turner, P.K., Wu, K.B. and La Point, T.W. 2004. Laboratory and field responses to Cadmium: an experimental study in effluent-dominated stream mesocoms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23: 1057-1064. doi:10.1897/03-199
Canlı, M. and Kargın, F.A. 1995. Comparative study on heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni) accumulation in the tissues of the carp Cyprinus carpio and the Nile fish Tilapia nilotica. Tr. J. of Zoology, 19: 165- 171.
Carrasco, K.R., Tilbury, K.L. and Mayers, M.S. 1990. Assessment of the piscine micronuclei test as an insitu biological indicator of chemical contaminants effects. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 47: 2123–2136. doi:10.1139/f90-237
Castano, A., Carbonell, G., Carballo, M., Fernandez, C., Boleas, S. and Tarazona, J.V. 1998. Sublethal effects of repeated intraperitoneal cadmium injections on rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 41: 29-35. doi:10.1006/eesa.1998.1663
Çavas, T. and Ergene-Gozukara, S. 2003. Micronuclei, nuclear lesions and interphase silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) as cyto-genotoxicity indicators in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to textile mill effluent. Mutat. Res., 538 (1–2): 81–91. doi: 10. 1016/S1383-5718(03)00091-3
Çavas, T. and Ergene-Gozukara, S. 2005a. Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in Oreochromis niloticus following exposure to petroleum refinery and chromium processing plant effluents. Aquat. Toxicol., 74: 264-271. doi:10.1016/ j.aquatox.2005.06.001
Çavas, T. and Ergene-Gozukara, S. 2005b. Micronucleus test in fish cells: a bioassay for in situ monitoring of genotoxic pollution in marine environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 46: 64-70. doi:10.1002/em.20130
Çavas, T. and Garanko, N.N. 2005. Arkhipchuk VV Induction of micronuclei and binuclei in blood, gill and liver cells of fishes subchronically exposed to cadmium chlorid and copper sulphate. Food Chem. Toxicol., 43: 569-574
Chandra, P. and Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. 2004. Genotoxicity of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and in combination in fish. Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 58: 194-201. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.01.010.
Cho, G.K. and Heath, D.D. 2001. Comparison of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS222) and clove oil anaesthesia effects on the physiology of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum). Aquac. Res., 31(6): 537–546. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000. 00478.x
Da Silva Souza, T. and Fontanetti, C.S. 2006 Micronucleus test and observation of nuclear alterations in erythrocytes of Nile tilapia exposed to waters affected by refinery effluent. Mutat. Res., 605(1-2): 87-93. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.02.010
De Boeck, G., Eyckmans, M., Lardon, I., Bobbaers, R., Sinha, A.K. and Blust, R. 2010 Metal accumulation and metallothionein induction in the spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 155(4): 503-508. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.12.014
Donson, S. 1992 Cadmium: environmental aspects (Environmental Health Criteria) 135, WHO Geneva, 91 pp.
Eiseler, R. 1998 Copper. Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic review. US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR, 1998–0002. 98.
Güner, U. 2007. Freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) accumulates and depurates copper. Environ. Monit. Assess., 133(1-3): 365-369. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9590-1
Güner, U. 2008 Effects of Copper and Cadmium Interaction on Total Protein Levels in Liver of Carassius carassius. J.FisheriesSciences.com, 2(1): 54-65. doi:10.3153/jfscom.2008006
Handy, R.D. 1993. The effect of acute exposure to dietary Cd and Cu on organ toxicant concentration in rainbow trout Oncohynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol., 27(1-2): 1-14. doi:10.1016/0166-445X(93)90043-Z
Handy, R. 1996. Dietary exposure to toxic metals in fish. In: E.W. Taylor (Ed.), Toxicology of Aquatic Pollution: Physiological, Cellular and Molecular Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England: 29-60.
Heddle, J.A., Cimino, M.C., Hayashi, M., Romagna, F., Shelby, M.D., Tucker, J.D., Vanprays, P. and MacGregor, J.T. 1991. Micronuclei as an index of cytogenetic damage: past, present and future. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 18: 277-291. doi:10.1002/em.2850180414
Hollis, L., Hogstrand, C. and Wood, C.M. 2001 Tissue Spesific cadmium accumulation, metallothionein induction, and tissue zinc and copper levels during chronic sublethal cadmium exposure in juvenile Rainbow trout. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 41(4): 468-474. doi:10.1007/s002440010273
Hollis, L., McGeer, C.J., McDonald, D.G. and Wood, M.C. 1999. Cadmium accumulation, gill Cd binding, acclimation, and physiological effects during long term sublethal Cd exposure in rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol., 46: 101–119. doi:10.1002/em.2850180414
Kalay, M. 1996. Liver, spleen, kidneys, muscles and gill tissue of the total protein level and on Cd accumulation effects on Ion Distribution in Tilapia nilotica. PhD thesis, Adana: Cukurova University. Kargın, F. and Çoğun, H. 1999 Metal interaction during accumulation and elimination of zinc and cadmium in tissues of the freshwater fish Tilapia nilotica. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 63: 511-519. doi:7246[pii]
Lugowska, K. 2007. The effect of cadmium and cadmium/copper mixture during the embryonic development on deformed common carp larvae, Ejpau., 10(4): 11
Manna, G.K., Sadhukhan, A. 1986. Use of cells of gill and kidney of Tilapia fish in micronucleus test (MNT). Curr. Sci., 55: 498–501.
Metcalfe, C.D. 1988. Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in the erythrocytes of mudminnow (Umbra limi) and brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebolusus). Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40: 489- 495. doi:10.1007/BF01688371
Mohapatra, B.C. and Rengarajan, K. 1996. Static bioassay with Liza parsia exposed to copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and lead nitrate. Fish Technol., 33: 127-129.
Muramoto, S. 1981. Vertebral column damage and decrease of calcium concentration of fish exposed experimentally to cadmium. Environ Pollut., 24: 125– 133. doi:10.1016/0143-1471(81)90074-X
Nussey, G., vanVuren, J.H.J. and du Preez H.H. 2000. Bioaccumulation of chromium, manganese, nickel and lead in the tissues of the moggel, Labeo umbratus (Cyprinidae), from Witbank dam, Mpumalanga. Water Sa., 26: 269–284.
Pacheco, M. and Santos, M.A. 1997 Biochemical and genotoxic responses of adult eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) to resin acids and pulp mill effluent: laboratory and field experiments. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 42: 81–93. doi:10.1006/eesa.1998.1733
Pacyna JM, Scholtz MT, Li YF. 1995 Global budget of trace metal sources. Environ Rev 3: 145–159. doi:10.1139/a95-006
Pelgrom, S.M.G.J., Lamers, L.P.M., Garritsen, J.A.M., Pels, B.M., Lock, R.A.C., Balm, P.H.M. and Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1994. Interactions between copper and cadmium during single and combined exposure in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus: Influence of feeding condition on whole body metal accumulation and the effect of the metals on tissue water and ion content. Aquat. Toxicol., 30(2): 117- 135. doi:10.1016/0166-445X(94)90009-4
Ravera, D.A. 1984. Cadmium in freshwater ecosystems. Experimentia, 40: 2-14. doi:10.1007/BF01959096
Sanchez-Galan, S., Linde, A.R. and Garcia-Vazquez, E. 2001. Induction of micronuclei in eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) by heavy metals. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 49: 139-143. doi:10.1006/eesa.2001.2048
Sanchez-Galan, S., Linde, A.R. and Garcia-Vazquez, E. 1999. Brown trout and European minnow as target species for genotoxicity tests: Differential sensitivity to heavy metals. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 43: 301– 304. doi:10.1006/eesa.1999.1794
Scott, J.B. and Chambers, E.J. 1996. Time course of inhibition of cholinesterase and aliesterase activities, and nonprotein sulfhydryl levels following exposure to organophosphorus insecticides in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Fundam and App. Tox., 29: 202-207.
Smet, H.D. and Blust, R. 2001. Stress responses and changes in protein metabolism in carp Cyprinus carpio during cadmium exposure. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 48: 255-262
Sorensen, E.M. 1991. Cd. In, E.M. Sorensen (Ed.), Metal poisoning in fish. FL: CRC. Boca Raton: 175-234
Stoeppler, M. 1991. Cadmium In: E. Merian (Ed.), Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance VCH, Weinheim: 804-851.
Straus, D.L. 2003. The acute toxicity of copper to blue tilapia in dilutions of settled pond water. Aquaculture, 219: 233-240. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00350-2
Tao, S., Liang, T., Cao, J., Dawson, R.W. and Liu, C. 1999. Synergistic Effect of Copper and Lead Uptake by Fish. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 44: 190-195. doi:10.1006/eesa.1999.1822
Vinikour, W.S., Goldstein, R.M. and Anderson, R.V. 1980. Bioconcentration Patterns of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in selected fish species from the Fox River, Illinois. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 24: 727- 734. doi:10.1007/BF01608180
Voyer, R.A., Yevich, P.P. and Barszcz, C.A. 1975. Histological and toxicological responses of the mummichog, Fundulus herteroclitus (L.) to combinations of levels of cadmium and dissolved oxygen in a freshwater. Water Res. 9: 1069–1074. doi:10.1006/eesa.1999.1822
Watanabe, T., Kiron, V. and Satoh, S. 1997. Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture, 151: 185–207. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01503-7
Wicklund-Glynn, A., Norrgren, L. and Müssener, A. 1994. Differences in uptake of inorganic mercury and cadmium in the gills of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Aquat. Toxicol., 30: 13–26. doi:10.1016/0166-445X(94)90003-5