Mohamed ASHOUR, Hamdy ABO TALEB, Mohamed ABOU MAHMOUD, M. M. M. EL FEKY

Effect of the Integration between Plankton Natural Productivity and Environmental Assessment of Irrigation Water, El-Mahmoudia Canal, on Aquaculture Potential of Oreochromis niloticus

Aquaculture ecosystem assessment is a major key for successful aquaculture Planning. There are many aquaculturefarms constructed in Egypt, but because of the non-sufficient studies about the environmental conditions of aquacultureecosystem assessment, many projects achieved negative results and had low economical returns. The present study wasconducted to evaluate the aquaculture ecosystem assessment of irrigation water of El-Mahmoudia Canal, Alexandria, Egypt.The result indicated that temperature (24.65±0.4°C), DO (5.38±0.20mg/l), COD (14.40±4.5mg/l) and BOD (2.86±0.20 mg/l)were in the optimum range for O. niloticus. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were 10.449±0.953, 4.685±0.704 and2.374±0.054 μg/g, respectively. The biochemical composition of plankton showed that protein, lipid and carbohydrate were37.7±3.39 %, 16.33±0.85%, and 11.23±2.63%, respectively. Moreover, SFA, MUFA and PUFA were 70.29±4.07%,11.172±0.132 %, and 18.55±0.525 % of total fatty acids, respectively. Zooplankton community showed that rotifers andcopepods configured the main bulk of zooplankton community (95.9% to the total zooplankton community). These conditionsare considered the ideal recommended conditions for cultivation of Oreochromis niloticus that started with 100,000fingerlings (distributed as 4.76 fish/m3 of earth pond) for six months with 82% survival rate with final yield of 21.3 ton/1.6hectare.

PDF

___

Arthur, J.W., Corlis, W.W., Allen, K.N., & Hedtke, S.F. (1987). Seasonal toxicity of ammonia to five fish and nine invertebrate species. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38(2), 324-331. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606682

ASTM D421-85 (1998). Standard Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, US, American Society for Testing and Materials PA Press., 2pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1520/D0421-85R98

Bahnasawy, M.H., Abdel-Baky, T.E., & Abd-Allah, G.A. (2003). Growth performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings raised in an earthen pond. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 11(2), 277-285.

Basualto, S., Tapia, J., Cruces, F., Bertran, C., Shzatter, R., Pena-Cortes, F., & Hannstein, E. (2006). The effect of physical and chemical parameters on the structure and composition of the phytoplankton community of Lake Budi (IX Region, Chile). Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 51(3), 993-999. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717- 97072006000300015

Berzins, B. (1960). "Rotatoria" I- VI J. Conseil international pour 1' Exploration de la Mer, Fiches d'Identification du Zooplankton, sheets 84-89, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), 27 pp.

Bick, H. (1972). Ciliated Protozoa. An illustrated guide to the species used as biological indicators in freshwater biology. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Press., 198 pp.

Ble, C.M., Etchian, O.A., Alla, Y.L., Adingra, A.A., Niamke, S., & Diopoh, J.K. (2012). Seasonal effects of the water quality in ponds on nutritive potential and digestibility of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in natural feeding condition (Mali,West Africa). African Journal of Agriculture Research, 7(9), 1436-1441. https://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1759

Bligh, E.G., & Dyer, W.J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37(8), 911-917. https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o59-099

Case, M., Enide, E.L., Sigrid, N., Eneida, E.S., Ralf, S., & Antonio, T.M.J. (2008). Plankton community as an indicator of water quality in tropical shrimp culture ponds. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(7), 1343-1352. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.008

Chib, S., Masud, S., & Proch, A. (2015). Effect of Different Doses of Poultry Manure and Cow Dung on theGrowth of Indian Major Carp, Catla catla. Journal of Animal Research, 5(4), 833-837. https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-940X.2015.00138.2

Dere, S., Gunes, T., & Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlorophyll-a, b and Total Carotenoid Contents of Some Algae Species Using Different Solvents. Turkish Journal of Botany, 22(1), 13-17.

Dubois, M.K.A., Giles, J.K., Hamilton, P.A., Rebers, L., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugar and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28(3), 350-356. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017

Dussart, B. (1969). Les copépodes des eaux continentales d'Europe occidentale, II: Cyclopoides et Biologie. Collection Faunes et Flores Actuelles. Academic Science, Paris, N. Boubee & Cie Press., 292 pp.

Edmondson, W.T. (1959). Freshwater biology, 2nd Edition. New York, London, Sydney, John Wiley & sons, incorporation Press, 1248 pp.

El-Otify, A.M. (2015). Evaluation of the physicochemical and chlorophyll-a conditions of a subtropical aquaculture in Lake Nasser area, Egypt. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(4), 327-337. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.11.009

El-Sayed, A.F.M. (2006). Tilapia culture. Wallingford, UK, CABI publishing Press., 277 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851990149.0034

El-Sayed, A.F.M., El-Ghobashy, A., & Al-Amoudi, M. (1996). Effects of pond depth and water temperature on the growth, mortality and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture Research, 27(9), 681-687. https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1996.00776.x

El-Shafey, A.A.M. (1998). Effect of ammonia on respiratory functions of blood of Tilapia zilli. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 121(4), 305-313. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10129-0

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1998). Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia (Report No. EPA-822-R-98-008). Washington, DC, US, EPA Press., 148 pp.

Meeren, T.V.D, Olsen, R.E., Hamre, K., & Fyhn, H.J. (2008). Biochemical composition of copepods for evaluation of feed quality in production of juvenile marine fish. Aquaculture, 274(2-4), 375-397. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.041

Evjemo, J.O., Reitan, K.I., & Olsen, Y. (2003). Copepods as live food organisms in the larval rearing of halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) with special emphasis on the nutritional value. Aquaculture, 227(1-4), 191-210. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044- 8486(03)00503-9

GAFRD (General Authority for Fish Resources Development) (2012). Fisheries Statistics Year Book 2012, Cairo, Egypt, GAFRD Press., 300 pp.

Gjedrem, T. (1997). Selective Breeding to Improve Aquaculture Production. World Aquaculture, 28(1), 33-45.

Goda, A.S., EWafa, M., El-Haroun, E.R., & Chowdhury, M.A.K. (2007). Growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and tilapia galilae Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed plantprotein-based diets, Aquaculture Research, 38(8), 827-837. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01731.x

Grasshoff, G. (1976). Method of seawater analysis. New York, US, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim and New York Press., 317 pp.

Gurney, R. (1927). Report on the Crustacea:–Copepoda and Cladocera of the Plankton. Journal of Zoology, 22(2), 139-172. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096- 3642.1927.tb00328.x

Gurney, R. (1931). Biritish fresh-water Copepoda. Volume I. Ray Society, London, Adlard and Son, Limited Press., 238 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.82138

Hardig, J.P., & Smith, W.A. (1974). A key to the British freshwater Cyclopoid and Calanoid Copepods. Scientific Publications No. 18, Freshwater Biological Association, UK, Cumbria Press., 56 pp.

Hartree, E.F. (1972). Determination of protein: A modification of the Lowry method that gives a linear photometric response. Analytical Biochemistry, 48(2), 422-427. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90094-2

Hassaan, M.S., Wafa, M.A., Soltan, M.A., Goda, A.S., & Mogheth, N.M.A. (2014). Effect of Dietary Organic Salts on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Mineral Absorption and Some Biochemical Ind.ices of Nile Tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus L. Fingerlings. World Applied Sciences Journal, 29(1), 47-55. https://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.29.01.8123 7

Hutchinson, G.E. (1967). A Treatise on limnology: Vol. II. Introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton. New York, US, John Wiley and Sons Press., 1115 pp.

Kibria, G., Nugegoda, D., Fairclough, R., Lam, P., & Bradbv, A. (1999). Utilization of wastewater-grown zooplankton: nutritional quality of zooplankton and performance of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell 1838) (Teraponidae) fed on wastewatergrown zooplankton. Aquaculture Nutrition, 5(4), 221- 227. https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00108.x

Kundu, G., & Jana, B.B. (1994). Influence of an atypical summer on the primary productivity of phytoplankton in two Tropical Ponds. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 79(2), 249-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19940790210

Lawson, T.B. (1995). Fundamentals of Aquacultural Engineering. Boston, US, Springer-Verlag, MA Press., 355 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613- 0479-1

Meade, J.W. (1989). Aquaculture Management. Boston, US, Springer-Verlag, MA Press., 175 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6470-6

Mischke, C.C., & Zimba, P.V. (2004). Plankton community responses in earthen channel catfish nursery ponds under various fertilization regimes. Aquaculture, 233(1-4), 219-235. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.09.044

Mitra, G., Mukhopadhyay, P.K., & Ayyappan, S. (2007). Biochemical composition of zooplankton community grown in freshwater earthen ponds: Nutritional implication in nursery rearing of fish larvae and early juveniles. Aquaculture, 272(1-4), 346-360.https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.08.026

Myklestad, S., & Haug, A. (1972). Production of carbohydrates by the marine Chaetoceros affinis var. willei (Gran.) Hustedt. I. Effect of the concentration of nutrients in the culture medium. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 9(2), 125- 136. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(72)90041-x

Olguin, E., Galicia, S., Angulo-Guerrero, O., & Hernndez, E. (2001). The effect of low light flux and nitrogen deficiency on the chemical composition of Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira) grown on digested pig waste. Bioresource Technology, 77(1), 19-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00142-5

Pawlowski, L. (1994). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 18th edition. Science of The Total Environment, 142(3), 227-228. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90332-8

Proulex, D., & Nove, J. (1985). Growth of Daphnia magna on urban wastewater teriarly treated with Scenedesmus sp.., Aquacultural Engineering, 4(2), 93-111. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(85)90008-1

Radwan, S.S. (1978). Coupling of two dimensional thin layer chromatography for the quantitive analysis of lipid classes and their constituent fatty acids. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 16(11), 538-542. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.11.538

Rauch, T. (1981). The estimation of microalgal protein content and its meaning the evolution of algal biomass, comparison method for extracting for protein. Hydrobiologia, 78(3), 237-251. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00008520

Ross, L.G. (2000). Environmental physiology and energetics. In: Beveridge M.C.M., McAndrew B.J. (eds) Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation. Fish and Fisheries Series, 25, 89-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4008-9_4

Sars, G.O. (1911). An account of Crustacea of Norway, Copepoda, Harpacticoida. Bergen Museum, Skrifter, Bergen, 5, 1-449. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/088276a0

Sars, G.O. (1918). An account of Crustacea of Norway, Copepoda, Cyclopoida. Bergen Museum, Skrifter, Bergen, 6, 1-225. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/102304a0

Sars, G.O. (1926). Freshwater Ostracoda from Canada and Alaska. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918, 7(1), 1-23. https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64194

Semra, K.K. (2014). Acute toxicity of ammonia to blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus in saline water. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(14), 1550-1553. https://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.1547

Silva, F.J.R., Lima, F.R., Vale, D.A., & Marcelo, V.C. (2013). High levels of total ammonia nitrogen as NH4+ are stressful and harmful to the growth of Nile tilapia juveniles. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 35(4), 475-481. https://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i4.17291

Soliman, N.F., & Yacout, D.M. (2016). Aquaculture in Egypt: status, constraints and potentials. Aquaculture International, 24(5), 1201-1227. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-9989-9

Ssanyu, G.A., Rasowo, J., Auma, E., & Ndunguru, M. (2011). Evaluation of Plankton Community Structure in Fish Refugia Acting as Oreochromic niloticus Propagation and Nursery Units for Rice/Fish Trials, Uganda. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 2(4), 100-116. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000116

Tavares, L.H.S., Millan, R.N., & Santeiro, R.M. (2010). Characterization of a plankton community in a fish farm. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 22(1), 60-69. https://dx.doi.org/10.4322/actalb.02201008

Verreth, J., Storch, V., & Segner, H. (1987). A comparative study on the nutritional quality of decapsulated Artemia cysts, micro-encapsulated eng diets and enriched dry feeds for Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) larvae. Aquaculture, 63(1-4), 269-282. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(87)90078-0

Vijverberg, J., & Frank, T.H. (1976). The chemical composition and energy contents of copepods and caladocerans in relation to their size. Freshwater Biology, 6(4), 333-345. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2427.1976.tb01618.x

Wong, M.H. (1989). Toxicity test of landfill leachate using Sarotherodon mossambicus (Freshwater Fish), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 17(2), 149- 156. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(89)90033-X

Workagegn, K.B., Ababbo, E.D., Yimer, G.T., & Amare, T.A. (2014). Growth performance of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus l.) fed different types of diets formulated from varieties of feed ingredients. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 5(3), 1-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000235