Daphnia magna as a Test Species for Toxicity Evaluation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents on Freshwater Cladoceran in Turkey

Evsel atıksuların sucul toksisitesi, bir tatlısu sucul deneysel hayvan modeli olan su piresi Daphnia magna akut toksisite kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Toksisite testleri hem arıtılmamış (ham) ve hem de arıtılmış Manisa evsel atıksuları ile gerçekleştirildi. Hiç seyretilmeyen arıtılmamış ve arıtılmış atıksular D. magna üzerine çok toksik olduğu ve maruz kalan tüm dafnidlerin ölümüne neden oldu. Atıksularda seyrelme yapıldığında seyrelme oranına bağlı olarak biyolojik toksik etkinin azaldığı görüldü. Yine arıtılmamış atıksuların D. magna üzerine akut toksik etkisi arıtılmış atıksulardan daha fazla bulundu. İlave olarak D. magna' nın atıksulara maruz kalma süresi arttıkça toksik atkinin de belirgin bir şekilde artığı bulundu.

Aquatic toxicity of municipal wastewater was evaluated in an acute toxicity test using water flea, Daphnia magna as an freshwater aquatic experimental animal model. Toxicity test were performed on samples of both untreated (raw) and treated wastewaters were collected Manisa municipal effluents. Undiluted untread and treated effluents were very toxic to D. magnaand cause to death of all exposed daphnids. Dilution of wastewaters was observed to decrease percentage of influence of biological toxicity based on dilutional rate. Acute toxic effect of untreated wastewater on D. magnawas more than that of treated wastewater. In addition, the longer the period of exposure to D. magna, the more significantly toxic effect increased.

PDF

___

APHA (American Public Health Association).1998. Standart methods for the examination of water and wastewater/prepared and published jointly by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation., 20th Edition (Joint editorial board, Lenore S. Clesceri, Arnold E. Greenberg, Andrew D. Eaton ; Managing editor, Mary Ann H. Franson).American Public Health Association, Washington DC.http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/38126605.
Boyd, G.R, Reemtsma, H., Grimm, D.A, and Mitra, S. 2003. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters of Louisiana, US and Ontario, Canada. Scienceof theTotal Environment, 311 (1-3): 135-49.
Cristale, J. and Lacorte, S. 2015. PBDEs versus NBFR in wastewater treatment plants: occurrence and partitioning in water and sludge.AIMS Environmental Science, 2(3): 533-546. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2015.3.533
Daughton, C.G. and Ternes, T.A. 2000. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change?. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107 (6): 907-38.
Environment Canada, 2001. State of Municipal Wastewater Effluents in Canada (State of the Environment Report). Prepared by Indicators and Assessment Office, Ecosystem Science Directorate, Environmental Conservation Service, Environment Canada. ISBN 0-662-29972-8. Cat. No. En1-11/96E, Ottawa, Ontario, 74 pp.
E.U. (European Union) Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991. Concerning urban waste-water treatment (91/271/EEC), 1991, Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 135, 30 May 1991. 40-52.
Fent, K. 1996. Organotin compounds in municipal wastewater and sewage sludge: contamination, fate in treatment process and ecotoxicological consequences. Science of The Total Environment, 185 (1-3): 151-159. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(95)05048-5.
ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation). 1996. Water Quality: Determination of the inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magnaStraus (Cladocera, Crustacea) -Acute Toxicity Test. ISO 6341, Geneva, Switzerland.
Kim,S-B.,Kim,W-K.,Chounlamany, V., Seo,J.,Yoo, J., Jo,H-J,Junga,J.2012.Identification of multi-level toxicity of liquid crystal display wastewater towardDaphniamagnaandMoinamacrocopa.JournalofHazardousMaterials,227-228:327-333. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.059.
Lindstrom, A., Buerge, I.J., Poiger, T., Bergqvist, P.A., Muller, M.D. and Buser, H.R. 2002. Occurrence and environmental behavior of the bactericide triclosan and its methyl derivative in surface waters and in wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology, 36: 2322-2329.
Lindqvist, N., Tuhkanen, T. and Kronberg, L. 2005. Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in raw and treated sewages and in receiving waters. Water Research,39 (11): 2219-2228.
Lishman, L., Smyth, S.A., Sarafin, K., Kleywegt, S., Toito, J., Peart, T., Lee, B., Servos, M., Beland, M. andSeto, P. 2006. Occurrence and reductions of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and estrogens by municipal wastewater treatment plants in Ontario, Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 367 (2-3): 544-558.
Marzan, L.W., Barua, P., Akter, Y., Mannan, A., Hossain, A. and Ali, Y. 2014. Molecular investigation on clinopathological, genetic and biochemical changes in Channa punctatainfected with internal parasites and subjected to metals pollution in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Journal of Biomolecular Research and Therapeutics, 3: 113.doi: 10.4172/2167-7956.1000113.
Mendonça ? E., Picado, A., Paixão, S.M., Silva, L., Barbosa, M., Cunha, M.A. 2013. Ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewater in a municipal WWTP in Lisbon area (Portugal). Desalination and Water Treatment, 51: 4162-4170. doi: 10.1080/19443994.2013.768021
Nakada, N.,Tanishima, T., Shinohara, H., Kiri,K. and Takada, H.2006. Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment. Water Research,40 (17): 3297-3303.doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.039
Odjadjare, E.E.andOkoh, A.I. 2010.Physicochemical quality of an urban municipal wastewater effluent and its impact on the receiving environment.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170: 383-394. doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-1240-y.
Oral, R., Meric, S., De Nicola, E., Petruzelli, D., Della Rocca, C. and Pagano, G., 2007. Multi-species toxicity evaluation of a cromium-based leather tannery wastewater. Desalination, 211: 48-57.
Paxéus N. 1996. Organic pollutants in the effluents of large wastewater treatment plants in Sweden. Water Research,30: 1115-1122.
Persoone, G., Marsalek, B., Blinova,I., Törökne, A., Zarina, D., Manusadzianas, L., Nalecz-Jawecki, G., Tofan, L., Stepanova, N., Tothova, L. and Kolar, B. 2003. A practical and user-friendly toxicity classification system with microbiotests for natural waters and wastewaters. Environmental Toxicology, 18 (6):395-402.doi:10.1002/tox.10141.
Persoone, G., Baudo, R., Cotman, M., Blaise, C., Thompson, K. C., Moreira Santos, M., Vollat, B., Törökne, A. and Han, T. 2009. Review on the acute Daphnia magnatoxicity test -Evaluation of the sensitivity and the precision of assays performed with organisms from laboratory cultures or hatched from dormant eggs. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 393: 1-29.
Ra, J.S.,Kim, H.K.,Chang, N.I. andKim, S.D. 2007. Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests on wastewater treatment plants with Daphnia magnaandSelenastrum capricornutum. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129(1-3):107-113.
Ricking, M., Schwarzbauer, J., Hellou, J., Svenson, A. and Zitko, V. 2003. Polycyclic aromatic musk compounds in sewage treatment plant effluents of Canada and Sweden-first results. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46 (4): 410-7.
Rowsell, V.F., Tangney, P., Hunt, C. and Voulvoulis, N. 2010. Estimating levels of micropollutants in municipal wastewater. Water Air Soil Pollution, 206: 357-368.doi: 0.1007/s11270-009-0112-y
Sarma S.S.S. and Nandini, S. 2006. Review of recent ecotoxicological studies on cladocerans. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 41: 1417-1430.
Sánchez-Meza, J.C.,Pacheco-Salazar, V.F.,Pavón-Silva., T.B.,Guiérrez-García, V.G.,Avila-González Cde, J.andGuerrero-García, P. 2007. Toxicity assessment of a complex industrial wastewater using aquatic and terrestrial bioassays Daphnia pulexand Lactuca sativa.Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering,42 (10): 1425-31.
Servos, M.R., Bennie, D.T., Burnison, B.K., Jurkovic, A., McInnis, R., Neheli, T., Schnell, A., Seto, P., Smyth, S.A. and Ternes, T.A. 2005. Distribution of estrogens, 17bestradiol and estrone, in Canadian municipal wastewater treatment plants. Scienceof theTotal Environment,336: 155-170.
Sun,J., Quan, Y., Wang, W.,Zheng, S.,Liu, X.2015.Potential contribution of inorganic ions to whole effluent acute toxicity and genotoxicity during sewage tertiary treatment. JournalofHazardousMaterials,295: 22-28. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.012.
Tatarazako, N. and Oda, S. 2007. The water flea Daphnia magna(Crustacea, Cladocera) as a test species for screening and evaluation of chemicals with endocrine disrupting effects on crustaceans. Ecotoxicology, 16: 197-203.
Ternes, T.A. 1998. Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers. Water Research,32 (11):3245-3260.
Ternes, T.A., Stumpf, M., Kreckel, P., Mueller, J., Haberer, K., Wilken, R.D. and Servos, M.R. 1999. Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants. I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil. Scienceof theTotal Environment, 225 (1-2): 81-90.
Turkish Official Newspaper. 2004.Su kirliliği kontrolü yönetmeliği (Water pollution control regulations Date: 31.12.2004 Number: 25687)(in Turkish).TurkStat, 2013. Turkey's Statistical Year Book, 2013, Turkish Statistical Institute Printing Division, Ankara, Türkiye.
USEPA ( United States Environmental Protection Agency ). 2002. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organism, Fifth edition, EPA-821-R-02-012, Office of Water (4303T), Washington, DC.
Wang, C., Wang, Y.,Kiefer,F., Yediler,A., Wang, Z. andKettrup, A. 2003. Ecotoxicological and chemical characterization of selected treatment process effluents of municipal sewage treatment plant. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,56 (2): 211-217.doi:10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00121-5.
Zein, M.A., McElmurry, S.P., Kashian, D.R., Savolainen, P.T. and Pitts, D.K. 2015. Toxic effects of combined stressors on Daphnıa pulex: interactions between diazinon, 4-nonylphenol, and wastewater effluent. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34 (5): 1145-1153. doi: 10.1002/etc.2908.