Distributions of Anionic Surfactantin Sea Water and Total Organic Carbon in Bottom-Surfacesediment along theTurkish Coast of the Black Sea

Bu çalışmanın amacı; deniz suyundaki anyonik yüzey aktif madde (AYM) ve dip yüzey sedimentindeki toplam organik karbon (TOK) dağılımlarını belirleyerek organik maddelerden kaynaklanan kirliliğin değerlendirmesini yapmaktır. Karadeniz'in Türkiye kıyısı boyunca, 2010 sonbaharında toplanan sediment örnekleri TOK, 2010-Sonbahar ve 2011-Kış mevsimlerinde deniz suyu örnekleri AYM için toplanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, deniz suyundaki AYM derişimleri, mevsime, bölgelere ve antropojenik kaynakların uzaklığına bağlı olarak değişmiştir. Genel olarak, orta ve doğu Karadeniz kıyılarına yakın istasyonlarda, AYM kış değerleri sonbahardan yüksektir. Maksimum AYM değerleri, sonbaharda Ordu yüzey suyunda ve Şile dip suyunda ve kışın Bafra yüzey ve dip suyunda ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca, Yenice nehir ağzında her iki mevsimde ölçülen yüksek AYM değerleri nehrin etkisini göstermiştir. Öte yandan, maksimum TOK değeri İğne ada sedimanında (9.73%) belirlenmiştir ve C/N oranları sediman örneklerindeki organik maddenin hem denizel, hem de karasal kaynaklarla ilgili olabileceğini göstermiştir. Kıyıya yakın istasyonların yüzey sularında, AYM değerleri, toplam askıda yük ile pozitif bağlantılı (r=0.8-0.9), pH (r=0.6-0.4) ve çözünmüş oksijen (r=0.96-0.87) ile negatif bağlantılıdır.

Karadeniz'in Türkiye Kıyıları Boyunca, Deniz Suyunda Anyonik Yüzey Aktif Madde ve Dip-Yüzey Sedimanında Toplam Organik Karbon Dağılımları

The aim of this work is to determine the distributions of anionic surfactant (AS) in seawater, total organic carbon (TOC) in bottom-surfacesedimentand to make an assessment of the organic matter pollution. Seawater samples for AS in the autumn of 2010 and winter of 2011, and bottom-surfacesediments for TOC in the autumn of 2010 were collected from the Black Sea coastline of Turkey. According to the results, concentrations of AS in seawaterwerechanged withseasons, regions and distance from the anthropogenic sources including industrial and domestic discharges.Generally, winter values of ASwere higher than autumn at the nearshore stations of the eastern and middle Black Sea coasts. Maximum AS values(except Yenice River mouth)were measuredin surface seawater of Ordu and in bottom seawater of Şile in the autumnand in surface and bottom seawater of Bafra in the winter. Additionally, the highest amount of AS in both seasons near Yenice River mouth showed the influence of the river. On the other hand, the highest amount of TOC was obtained in the sediment of İğneada (9.73%) and the C/N ratiosindicated that organic matters in the sediment samplescould berelatedtoboth marine and terrestrial sources. Anionic surfactant valueswerepositivelycorrelated(r=0.8-0.9) with total suspended solid,negatively correlatedwith pH (r=0.6-0.4) and dissolved oxygen (r=0.96-0.87) insurface seawaters of the nearshore stations.

PDF

___

Agah, H., Rahmanpour, S. and Sheijooni Fumani, N. 2013. Organic carbon and organic matter levels in sediments of the Strait of Hormoz, the Persian Gulf. Journal of the Persian Gulf, Marine Science, 4, 13: 31-37. http://jpg.inio.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1- &slc_lang=en&sid=1 ). February ,
Aidar, E., Sigaud-Kunter, T.C.S., Nishihara, L., Schinke, K.P., Braga, M.C.C., Farah, R. E. and Kutner, M. B. B. 1997. Marine phytoplankton assays: effects of detergents. Marine Environmental Research, 43: 55- doi:10.1016/0141-1136(96)00002-5.
Akbal, F., Gürel, L., Bahadır, T., Gürel, L., Bakan, G. and Büyükgüngör, H. 2011. Multivariate statistical techniques for the assessment of surface water quality at the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Water Air Soil Pollution, 216: 21-37. doi:10.1007/s11270-010-0511
Albayrak, S., Balkıs, H., Zenetos, A., Kurun, A. and Kubanç, C. 2006. Ecological quality status of coastal benthic ecosystems in the Sea of Marmara. Marine Pollution doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.11.022. : 799,
Ansari, Z. A., Ingole, B. S. and Abidi, A. H. 2014. Organic enrichment and benthic fauna- Some ecological consideration. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/28644 (accessed May 09, 2015). 560.
Atkinson, M. J. and Smith, S.V. 1983. C:N:P ratios of benthic marine plants. Limnol. Oceanography, 28 (3), 574. doi:10.4319/lo.1983.28.3.0568.
Aysel, V., Erduğan, H., Dural-Tarakçı, B., Okudan, E.Ş., Şenkardeşler, A. and Aysel, F. 2004. Marine flora of Sinop (Black Sea, Turkey). Ege University, Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 21(1-2): 59-68. http://egejfas.org/pdf/2004-1-2/2004_21_1_2_13.pdf (accessed May 26, 2014).
Bach, L. T., Riebesell, U., Sett, S., Febiri, S., Rzepka, P. and Schulz, K. G. 2012. An approach for particle sinking velocity measurements in the 3-400 ?m size range and considerations on the effect of temperature on sinking rates. Marine Biology, 159:1853-1864. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-1945-2
Bakan, G. and Ariman, S. 2004. Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments along the coast of mid-Black Sea region of Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48: 1031. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.12.005.
Bakan, G. and Büyükgüngör, H. 2000. The Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41: 24-43. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00100-4
Bakan, G. and Şenel, B. 2000. Samsun Mert ırmağı Karadeniz deşarjında yüzey sediman (dip çamur) ve su kalitesinin araştırması. Turkish Journal of Engineering & Environmental Science, :135-141. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/engineering/issues/muh- 24-3/muh-24-3-2-98028.pdf (accessed May 11, )
Boran, M., Karacam, H. and Köse, S. 1998. Temporal and spatial distribution of anionic surfactant and phenol on the Eastern Black Sea Coast. In: M. S. Çelikkale, E. Düzgüneş, I. Okumuş, C. Mutlu (Editors). First International Symposium on Fisheries and Ecology Proceedings (FISHECO'98) 02-04/September 1998, Trabzon. http://www.akuademi.net/fe/FE1998/pl/pl02.pdf (accessed September 30, 2012)
CBIC, OPPT 2003. Assessment plan for the linear alkylbenzene (LAB) sulfonic acids category in accordance with the USEPA high production volume chemical challenge program. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.5 4802&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed December 15, 2009).
Ceylan, A., Alan, I. and Uğurlu, A. 2007. 'Causes and effects of flood hazards in Turkey' in International congress on river basin management. General Directorate of State Hydrolic Works: Ankara, Turkey, pp. http://www/dsi.gov.tr/english/congress2007/chapter_4/ pdf (accessed July 29, 2015) 423.
Clesceri, L.S, Greenberg, A. E., and Eaton, A.D. (Eds.) Standard Methods for the Examination Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., p. 2-57, American Public Health Association (APHA, AWWA, and WEF) Washington, D.C.
DEF-Kastamonu, Directorate of Environment and Forest of the Kastamonu province, 2010. The environment state report. Ministry of Environmental and Forest -Turkey. http://cdr.cevre.gov.tr/icd_raporlari/kastamonuicd2009. pdf (accessed May 19, 2015).
DEUP-Ordu, Directorate of Environment and Urban Planning of the Ordu province, 2011. The environment state report. Ministry of Environmental and Urban Planning-Turkey. http://cdr.cevre.gov.tr/2011/ordu_icdr2011.pdf (accessed May 19, 2015).
DEF-Rize, Directorate of Environment and Forest of the Rize province, 2010. The environment state report. Ministry of Environmental and Forest -Turkey http://cdr.cevre.gov.tr/2010/rizeicd2010.pdf (accessed May 19, 2015).
DEF-Zonguldak, Directorate of Environment and Forest of the Zonguldak province, 2010. The environment state report. Ministry of Environmental and Forest -Turkey. http://cdr.cevre.gov.tr/2010/zonguldakicd2010.pdf (accessed May 19, 2015).
Dubois, S., Savoye, N., Grémare, A., Plus, M., Charlier, K., Beltoise, A. and Blanchet, H. 2012. Origin and composition of sediment organic matter in a coastal semi-enclosed ecosystem: An elemental and isotopic study at the ecosystem space scale. Journal of Marine Systems, 94: 64-73 doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.10.009.
EMSA, European Maritime Safety Agency, 2010. Inventory of National Policies Regarding the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants http://www.emsa.europa.eu/work/jobs/vacancies.html (accessed August 11, 2015). EU Member States.
EPA, 2002. Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) 98: Summary Report, EPA/620/R- 02/003, 115 pp. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology http://www.epa.gov/emap/maia/html/docs/Est4.pdf (accessed February 16, 2014) Narragansett, RI.
EPA, 2008. Cruise ship discharge assessment report, EPA/842/R-07/005. Section 4: Oily Bilge Water. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/vwd/upload/2009_01_28 _oceans_cruise_ships_section4_bilgewater.pdf (accessed July 28, 2015). Watersheds.
Ergin, M., Gaines A., Galletti, G.C., Chiavari, G. Fabbri, D. and Yücesoy-Eryılmaz, F. 1996. Early diagenesis of organic matter in recent Black Sea sediments: characterization and source assessment. Applied Geochemistry, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00039- X. :711-720
Feyzioğlu, A. M. and Öğüt, H. 2006. Red tides observations along the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-06-30 /bot-30-5-5-0512-5.pdf (accessed May 02, 2014).
Frimmel, F. H. 2001. Aquatic humic substances. In: M. Hofrichter and A. Steinbüchel (eds.), Biopolymers. Lignin, humic substances and coal, vol. 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. http://www.wiley-vch.de/books/biopoly/pdf/v01_kap10.pdf (accessed November 13, 2012).
Gardner, W.D., Southard, J.B. and Hollister, C.D., 1985. Sedimentation, resuspension and chemistry of particles in the northwest Atlantic. Marine Geology, 65: 199- doi:10.1016/0025-3227(85)90057-X.
Glantz, S. A. 2005. Primer of Biostatistics: Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA, 520pp. González-Mazo, E., Forja, J. M. and Gómez-Parra, A. (1998). alkylbenzenesulfonates in the littoral environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 32 (11):1636- doi: 10.1021/es970733s. of linear
Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K. and Ehrhardt, M. (Eds.) 1999. Methods of seawater analysis. Third, completely Revised Germany: 600 pp. Edition. Wiley-VCH,
Gunnerson, C. G. and French, J. A. (Eds.) 1996. Wastewater Management for Coastal Cities: The Ocean Disposal Option, 2nd edition, Environmental Engineering Berlin/Heildelberg: 345 pp. Springer-Verlag
Hach Company, 2010. What is pH and How is it measured ? A http://www.hach.com/asset- get.download.jsa?id=763998448 (accessed June 28, ). for Industry.
Hedges, J. I., Keil, R.G. and Benner, R. 1997. What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean?
Organic Geochemistry, 27 (5/6): pp. 195-212. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00066-1.
Hermann, R., Gerke, J. and Ziechmann, W. 1997. of Photodegradation dodecylbenzenesulfonate chloride as affected by humic substances. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 98: 43-55 Kluwe Netherlands. doi: 1007/BF02128649 the and dodecylpyridinium
Hummel, D. O. 2000. Handbook of surfactant analysis:
Chemical, physico-chemical and physical methods, translated by R. Geoffrey Leach. Chichester; New York: John Wiley, 393 pp. Kim, J.H., Peterse, F., Willmott, V., Kristensen, D. K., Baas, M., Schouten, S. and Damsté, J.S. S. 2011.
Large ancient organic matter contributions to Arctic marine Oceanography, doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.4.1463. (4): 1474.
Krishna, M. S., Naidu, S. A., Subbaiah, Ch. V., Sarma, V. V. S. S. and Reddy, N. P. C. 2013. Distribution and sources of organic matter in surface sediments of the eastern continental margin of India, Journal of
Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 118: 1484- doi:10.1002/2013JG002424.
Kujawinski, E. B., Kido Soule M. C., Valentine, D. L., Boysen, A. K., Longnecker, K. and Redmond, M.C. Fate of dispersants associated with the deepwater horizon oil spill. Environmental Science and 1021/es103838p. (4):1298-306. doi:
Kusk, K. O. and Petersen, S. 1997. Acute and chronic toxicity of tributyltin and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate to the marine copepod Acartia tonsa.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16 (8): 1633. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620160810
Lazar, L., Gomoıu, M.-T., Boicenco, L. and Vasılıu, D. Total organic carbon (TOC) of the surface layer sediments covering the seafloor of the Romanian Black http://www.geoecomar.ro/website/publicatii/Nr.18- /09_lazar_BT.pdf (accessed July 22, 2013)
Leithe, W. 1973. The analysis of organic pollutants in water and waste water. Translator: STS, Inc., Consulting technical editor: Nina McClelland, Ann Arbor Science
Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 213 pp. Markina, Zh. V. and Aizdaicher, N. A. 2007. Influence of
Laundry detergents on the abundance dynamics and physiological Attheyaussurensis culture. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 33 (6): 398. doi:10.1134/S1063074007060053 microalga laboratory in
MERLAB, 2015. Elemental analysis CHNS- O. Center lab in Istanbul University Technology Transfer Center. http://ttm.istanbul.edu.tr/?p=8763 (accessed June 22, ).
Meyers, P. A. 1994. Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter.
Chemical Geology, 114:289-302. doi:10.1016/0009- (94)90059-0.
Miura, K. Nishiyama, N. and Yamamoto, A. 2008. Aquatic environmental monitoring of detergent surfactants. Journal http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270465
(accessed November 25, 2009). (3): 170.
MTA, Mineral Research and Exploration General Directorate, (n.d.). Mineral bed maps of Turkey. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v2.0/default.php?id=myatak (accessed March 20, 2011).
Mungray, A.K. and Kumar, P. 2009. Fate of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates in the environment: A review. International doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.03.012. & Biodegradation.
Murray, J.W., Steward, K., Kassakian, S., Krynytzky, M. and DiJulio, D. 2005. Oxic, suboxic and anoxic conditions in the Black Sea. In: A. Gilbert, V. Yanko Hombach and N. Panin, (eds) Climate Change and Coastline Migration as Factors in Human Adaptation to the Circum-Pontic Region: From Past to Forecast. Kluwer http://www.ocean.washington.edu/people/faculty/jmurr ay/BlackSeaOverview.pdf (accessed March 01, 2015)
Nemirovskii M. S. and Kuftarkova, E. A. 2004. Study of Deep-Sea waste water discharge. Water quality and protection: Environmental aspects. Water Resources, doi:10.1023/B:AWARE.0000035688.64172.16. pp. -469.
Nyankson E. Ober, C. A., DeCuir, M. J. and Gupta R. B. (2014). Comparison of the effectiveness of solid and solubilized dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS) on oil dispersion using the baffled flask test, for crude oil spill applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53: 11862-11872. doi:10.1021/ie5017249.
Okbah, M. A., Ibrahim, A. M. A. and Gamal, M. N. M. alkylbenzenesulfonates characteristics (Alexandria, Egypt). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(4): 3103-3115. doi:10.1007/s10661- 2776-9 monitoring and physicochemical of in El-Mex Bay
Özyavuz, M. 2011. Determination of temporal changes in lakes Mert and Erikli using remote sensing and geographic information systems. Journal of Coastal Research, doi:0.2112/JCOASTRES.D.10.00107.1. -181.
Paul, J.F., Gentile, J.H., Scott, K.J., Schimmel, S.C., Campbell, D.E. and Latimer, R.W. 1999. EMAP Virginian Province Four-Year Assessment Report (1990-93). EPA 600/R-99/004. U.S. Environmental Protection Narragansett, http://www.epa.gov/emap/html/pubs/docs/groupdocs/es tuary/assess/4yrassmt.pdf (accessed February 16, 2014)
Prahl, P.G., Ertel, J.R., Goni, M. A., Sparrow, M. A., and Eversmeyer, B. 1994. Terrestrial organic carbon contributions to sediments on the Washington margin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58 (14): pp. 3035- doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90177-5.
Puig P., Palanques A., Sanchez-Cabeza J.A. and Masque P. 1999. Heavy metals in particulate matter and sediments in the southern Barcelona sedimentation system (North-western Mediterranean). Marine Chemistry, (98)00069-3 doi:10.1016/S0304
Rahman, M. A., Hasan, A. Md., Rahim, A. and Alam, A. M. S. 2010. Characterization of humic acid from the river bottom sediments of Burigonga: Complexation studies of metals with humic acid. Pakistan Journal Analytical & Environmental Chemistry, 11 (1): 42- http://www.ceacsu.edu.pk/PDF%20file/Journal%201 %20No%201/42-52.pdf (accessed August 18, ).
Redfield, A.C., Ketchum, B.H., and Richards, F.A. 1963. The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. In: M. N. Hill (Ed.) The Sea, 2: pp 26-79, Wiley Interscience: New York.
Renzi, M., Giovani, A. and Focardi, S.E. 2012. Water pollution by surfactants: fluctuations due to tourism exploitation in a lagoon ecosystem. Journal of Environmental doi:10.4236/jep.2012.39116. , 1009.
Sales, D., Perales, J. A., Manzano, M. A. and Quiroga, J. M. Anionic surfactant biodegradation in seawater. Boletin Instituto Espanol Oceanografia, 15 (1-4): 517- http://www.beamreach.org/data/101/Science/processin g/Nora/Papers/Anionic%20surfactant%20biodegradati on%20in%20seawater.pdf (accessed November 24, )
Saliot, A. 1981. Natural hydrocarbons in seawater. In: E. K. Duursma and R. Dawson (eds), Marine organic chemistry, evolution, composition, interactions and chemistry of organic matter in seawater. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Netherlands: 327-375.
Sammalkorpi, M., Karttunen, M. and Haataja, M. 2009. Ionic surfactant aggregates in saline solutions: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of excess sodium chloride (NaCl) or calcium chloride (CaCl2). Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113: 5863-5870. doi: 10.1021/jp901228v
Schumacher, Brian A. 2002. Methods for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) in soils and sediments. EPA/NCEA-C1282/EMASC-001 http://www.epa.gov/esd/cmb/research/papers/bs116.pdf (accessed January 25, 2012).
SDG, Şile District Governorate (17 December 2008). Population http://www.sile.gov.tr/Yazilar.asp?goster=dos&id=18 (accessed July 19, 2015). status.
Sur, H. I., Özsoy E. and Ünlüata Ü. 1994. Boundary current instabilities, eutrophication in the Black Sea. Progress in Oceanography, (94)90020-5. shelf mixing and : 302. doi:10.1016/0079
Sur, M., Sur, H. I., Apak, R. and Erçağ, E. 2012. The pollution status of bottom surface sediments along the Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12: 453-460. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v12_1_00.
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J. 1970. Aquatic Chemistry. An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters. New York: Wiley & Sons, 583 pp.
Tabor, C. F. and Barber, L. B. 1996. Fate of Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate in the Mississippi River. Environmental Science & Technology, 30:161-171. doi:10.1021/es950210p.
Takada, H., Ogura, N. and Ishiwatari, R. 1992. Seasonal variations and modes of riverine input of organic pollutants to the coastal zone: 1. Flux of detergent- derived pollutants to Tokyo Bay. Environmental Science & Technology, 26 (12): 2517-2523. doi: 10.1021/es00036a027.
Tuncer, G., Karakas, T., Balkas, T., Gökçay, C., Aygun, S., Yurteri, C. and Tuncel, G. 1998. Land-based sources of pollution along the Black Sea coast of Turkey: concentrations and annual loads to the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36: 409-423. doi: 1016/S0025-326X(97)00205
Westall, J.C., Chen, H., Zhang, W. and Brownawell, B.J. Sorption of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates on sediment materials. Environmental Science & Technology, doi: 10.1021/es9804316. (18), 3118.
Yardımcı, H. C. and Temel, M. 2007. The correlation between detergent and nitrite, nitrate, Phospate in Riva Stream, Istanbul. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic http://aves.istanbul.edu.tr/ImageOfByte.aspx?Resim= &SSNO=1&USER=739 (accessed March 30, 2011)
Ying, GG, 2006. Fate, behaviour and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment. Environment /j.envint.2005 .07.004 : 431. doi:
Zrafi, I., Hizem, L., Chalghmi, H., Ghrabi, A., Rouabhia, M., and Saidane-Moshabi, D. 2013. Aliphatic and aromatic biomarkers for petroleum hydrocarbon investigation in marine sediment. Journal of Petroleum doi:10.14355/jpsr.2013.0204.01. (JPSR), (4).