Bai-Nian SUN, Su-Ting DING, Jing-Yu WU, Chong DONG, Sanping XIE, Zhi-Cheng LIN

Carbon isotope and stomatal data of late pliocene betulaceae leaves from SW China: Implications for palaeoatmospheric $CO_2$-levels

Özet: Geç Pliyosen $CO_2$ seviyesini yeniden elde etmek için, Batı Yunnan’dan, güneybatı Çin, üst üste gelen düzeylerin bir takımından, kutiküler $delta^13C$ değerleri ve iki Betulaceae türü, Betula mioluminifera Hu et Chaney and Carpinus miofangiana Nathorst’in stomal parametreleri (stomal yoğunluğu ve stomal index: SD ve SI) ölçüldü. Korelasyonlar, $delta^13C$, SD, epidermal hücre yoğunluğu (ECD) ve SI için verilmektedir. $delta^13C$, iki türde SD ve SI için pozitif bir gidiş ortaya koymaktadır ve böyle bir pozitif korelasyon C. miofangiana’da $delta^13C$ ve ECD arasında da gözlenebilmektedir. Ancak, B. mioluminifera ($R^2$= 0.06)’da $delta^13C$, ECD ile olasılıkla farklı genotiplerden etkilenmiş kısmen negatif bir korelasyona sahiptir. Zaman içinde değişiklikleri yansıtan, B. mioluminifera ve C. miofangiana’nın δ13C değerleri, yüksek determinasyon katsayıları ($R^2$= 0.67 ve $R^2$= 0.65, sırasıyla) önemli ölçüde artar. Ayrıca SD ($R^2$= 0.66 ve $R^2$= 0.51, sırasıyla) ve SI ($R^2$= 0.50 ve $R^2$= 0.79, sırasıyla)’nın artışı da gözlenmektedir. Mevcut B. luminifera ve C. fangiana üzerindeki araştırma, SD ve SI’nın, özellikle ikincisinin, $CO_2$ konsantrasyonu ile belirgin bir negative korelasyon sergilemekte olduğunu göstermektedir. En yakın yaşayan akraba (NLE ) türleri ile iki fosil türünün karşılaştırılmasına dayanarak, Pliyosen $CO_2$ seviyeleri, sırasıyla 381.5−439.4 ppmv ve 377.8−472.3 ppmv olarak yeniden değerlendirilmektedir.. Kesitteki fosillerin izleyen pozisyonu ile $delta^13C$, SD ve SI ‘nın anlamlı pozitif gidişleri atmosferik $CO_2$ seviyelerinin Geç Pliyosen ( 3.30−2.83 My önce) den kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, hesaplanmış $CO_2$ seviyeleri diğer çalışmalardakilerden daha yüksektir ve olasılıkla yersel $CO_2$ zenginleşmesine, uzun bir zaman ölçeği üzerinde sık volkanik patlamaların neden olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Güneybatı Çin geç pliyosen betulaceae yapraklarının karbon izotop ve stomal verileri: paleoatmosferik $CO_2$ düzeyleri için öneriler

Abstract: The cuticular $delta^13C$ values and stomatal parameters (stomatal density and stomatal index: SD and SI) of two Betulaceae species, Betula mioluminifera Hu et Chaney and Carpinus miofangiana Nathorst, from a suite of superposed horizons in West Yunnan, southwestern China, were measured in order to recover Late Pliocene $CO_2$ levels. Correlations are given for $delta^13C$, SD, epidermal cell density (ECD), and SI. $delta^13C$ reveals a positive trend with the SD and SI in the two species, and such a positive correlation can also be observed between the $delta^13C$ and ECD in C. miofangiana. However, δ13C has a slightly negative correlation with the ECD in B. mioluminifera ($R^2$= 0.06), possibly influenced by their different genotypes. Reflecting the changes through time, the $delta^13C$ values of B. mioluminifera and C. miofangiana significantly increase with high determination coefficients ($R^2$= 0.67 and $R^2$= 0.65, respectively), as do SD ($R^2$= 0.66 and $R^2$= 0.51, respectively) and SI ($R^2$= 0.50 and $R^2$= 0.79, respectively). Research on extant B. luminifera and C. fangiana shows that the SD and especially SI, exhibit a prominent negative correlation with $CO_2$ concentration. Pliocene $CO_2$ levels are reconstructed as 381.5–439.4 ppmv and 377.8–472.3 ppmv, respectively, based on comparisons of the two fossil species with their nearest living equivalent (NLE) species. Th e significant positive trends of the $delta^13C$, SD and SI with ascending position of the fossils in the section indicate that the atmospheric $CO_2$ levels declined in the Late Pliocene (3.30–2.83 Ma). Furthermore, the calculated $CO_2$ levels are higher than in other studies and probably demonstrate that local $CO_2$ enrichment can be caused by frequent volcanic eruptions over a long time scale.

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