Torsten UTESCHER, Dimiter IVANOV, A. Rahman ASHRAF, Vladimir BOZUKOV, Nadezhda DJORGOVA, Evgenia SLAVOMIROVA, Volker MOSBRUGGER

Late Miocene palaeoclimate and ecosystem dynamics in southwestern Bulgaria − a study based on pollen data from the Gotse-Delchev basin

Özet: Gotse-Dechev Havzası (GB Bulgaristan) Geç Miyosen’indeki 63 m kalınlığında bir profil, Kanina açık maden ocağından polen analizi için örneklenmiştir. Yüzeyleyen istif, kahverengi kömür-kil devirselliğiyle bir temel birimi ve gölsel fasiyesi kısmen temsil eden killi/silis kırıntılı örtü katmanlarını kapsamaktadır. Toplam 60 polen örneği analiz edilmiş, fakat sayısal veriler 30 polence zengin örneklerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen palinolojik analizler fosil bitki örtüsünün kompozisyon ve yapısı hakkında veriler sağlamaktadır. Temel bitki örtüsü tipi, başlıca Carya, Fagus, Betula, Quercus ve Ulmus’tan oluşan karışık bir ormandır. Magnolia, Corylopsis, Liquidambar, Eucommia, Zelkova, Ulmus, Pterocarya, Juglans, Engelhardia, Platycarya, Symplocos, Araliaceae, Vitaceae, Hedera, Cornus ve Ilex içeren ikincil elementler ile orta ve yüksek rakımlarda Tsuga, Abies, Keteleeria, Cathaya, Picea, Cedrus bitki örtüsü elementleri de bulunmaktadır. Alnus’un yüksek oranı ve Taxodiaceae, Cyrillaceae, Myrica, Planera’nın düşük yüzdeleri, birkaç Poaceae, Cyperaceae’li bataklık bitki örtüsü ve birkaç eğrelti de bulunmaktadır. Platanus, Alnus, Pterocarya, Salix, Staphyle ve Liquidambar türleri ırmak kenarı bitki örtüsünde önemli rol oynadılar. Sucul bitki örtüsü Butomus, Potamogeton, Menyanthes, Sparganium, Typha ve Cyperaceae’den oluşmaktadır. Otsul fosil topluluğu sınırlı dağılıma sahipti. Birarada Olma Yaklaşımı yöntemiyle yeniden değerlendirilen iklimsel veriler 15.6–17.1°C yıllık ortalama sıcaklığı belirtmektedir. Yıllık ortalama yağış aralığı için 1096–1347 mm en yaygın olanıdır. En soğuk ayın ortalaması için en dar Birarada Olma Yaklaşım aralığı 5–7.5°C dir. Yaz sıcaklıkları esas olarak 24.7 ve 26.4°C arasındadır. Yaz sıcaklıkları ortalamalarından elde edilmiş eğri, kısmen diğer sıcaklık parametrelerinde de gözlenmiş olan, birkaç devirsel değişikliği resimlemektedir. Yeniden düzenlenen verilerin dinamiği, olasılıkla devirsel karaktere sahip olan iklimsel değişimleri belirtmektedir. Ancak, örneklenen kesitte çok sayıda uyumsuzluğun varlığı, bu verilerin kesin bir yorumuna izin vermemektedir.

Güneybatı Bulgaristan geç miyosen paleoiklimi ve ekosistem dinamikleri – Gotse-Delchev havzasından polen verilerine dayalı bir çalışma

Abstract: A profile 63 m thick in the Late Miocene in the Gotse-Dechev Basin (SW Bulgaria) was sampled for pollen analysis in the Kanina opencast mine. The exposed sequence comprises a basal unit with brown coal-clay cycles and clayey/siliciclastic cover layers partly representing a lacustrine facies. A total of 60 pollen samples were analysed, but quantitative data are confined to 30 polleniferous samples. The palynological analysis carried out provides data about the composition and structure of the fossil vegetation. The main vegetation type was a mixed mesophytic forest dominated by Carya, Fagus, Betula, Quercus, and Ulmus. Accessory elements included Magnolia, Corylopsis, Liquidambar, Eucommia, Zelkova, Ulmus, Pterocarya, Juglans, Engelhardia, Platycarya, Symplocos, Araliaceae, Vitaceae, Hedera, Cornus, and Ilex. Mid- and high-altitude vegetation elements Tsuga, Abies, Keteleeria, Cathaya, Picea, Cedrus are also present. Swamp vegetation with high proportion of Alnus, and minor percentages of Taxodiaceae, Cyrillaceae, Myrica, Planera, some Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and some ferns also existed. Species of Platanus, Alnus, Pterocarya, Salix, Staphylea, and Liquidambar played important roles in the riparian vegetation. The aquatic vegetation consists of Butomus, Potamogeton, Menyanthes, Sparganium, Typha and Cyperaceae. Herbaceous palaeocoenoses had a limited distribution. The climatic data reconstructed by the Coexistence Approach indicate mean annual temperatures of ca. 15.6– 17.1°C. For mean annual precipitation intervals from 1096 to 1347 mm are most common. The narrowest coexistence intervals for the mean of the coldest month are 5 to 7.5°C. Summer temperatures were mainly between 24.7 and 26.4°C. Th e curve obtained for the means of summer temperatures illustrates some cyclic changes, partly also observed for other temperature parameters. The dynamics of the reconstructed data indicate that the climatic changes were probably cyclical. However, the presence of several unconformities in the sampled section does not allow an unambiguous interpretation of these data.

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