Mohand Ouidir BOUSSOUM, Beatrice GEORGE, Aicha KENTAOUI, Stephane DUMARCAY, Ahmed BOUCHERIT, Hassiba LARIBI-HABCHI

Study of the effectiveness of a presoaking process for reducing the additives migration from babies toys

This research aims to study a process of steeping in the n-heptane, used for reducing the migration of additives contained initially in toys for babies plasticized with di-octylphtalate (DOP) based on poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and stabilized with epoxidized sunflower oil (ESO). Two formulations were carried out at different levels of DOP plasticizers (15% and 45%). The migration tests were conducted in the synthetic saliva in the absence and in the presence of α-amylase with or without agitation at 37° C for 1, 3, and 6 h. The migration phenomenon was studied on the basis of preliminary studies based on the mass variation of the two formulations and where the physicochemical technical analysis: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography coupled with gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed. This work shows that the presoak method can be used successfully to reduce the migration phenomenon of the additives and to decrease the interactions between the PVC samples and the saliva stimulant. This treatment has allowed a notable decrease of the overall migration of all the additives from saliva. It is noted that the high pH value (7.17) was obtained with the F45% formulation under agitation and in the presence of α-amylase, a mass loss of the order of 0.9004 and a minimum DOP concentration of 0.024 ppm. The analysis by GC-MS provided the DOP chromatograms of the control and the specimens, which have undergone migration tests and treatments. In addition, the amount of DOP, migrated in the case of the F15% and F45%, controls the formulations and was greater than those of the presoaked formulations, which have indicated the efficiency of the applied process. This study shows that migration has taken place, and that the soaking treatment has reduced the migration of all the additives present in the PVC samples.

PDF

___

1. Lox F. Echanges entre le produit alimentaire et son emballage. Ed Lavoisier, Tec Drc 57-97, 1989.
2. Norme internationale ISO 175-1981 (F). Plastics determination of the action of liquid chemical agents, including water. https://www.iso. org/fr/standard/4010.html.
3. Moulay S. Chemical modification of poly (vinyl chloride)-Still on the run. Progress in Polymer Science 2010: 35 (3): 303-331. doi: 10.1016/j. progpolymsci.2009.12.001
4. Altinkok C, Ferhat Karabulut HR, Attila Tasdelan M, Acik G. Bile acid bearing poly (vinyl chloride) nanofibers by combination of CuAAC click chemistry and electrospinning process. Materials Today Communications 2020; 25: 101425. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101425
5. Vergnand JM. Liquid transparent processus in polymeric materials. Prentice Hall, Engle Wood cliffs, New Jersey, xxi-362, 1992. http:// pascalfrancis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=5621048
6. Figge K. Migration of components from plastics – packaging materials into packed goods – test methods and diffusion models. Progress in polymer science 1980; 6 (4): 187-252. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0079670080900027
7. European Parliament, consolidated legislative document. EP-PE_TC2-COD 2005; 1999, 0238; 5-7.
8. Ito R, Seshimo F, Haishima Y, Hasegawa C, Isama K. Reducing the migration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from polyvinylchloride medical devices. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2005; 303: 104-112. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.07.009
9. Steiner L, Scharf L, Fiala F, Washuttl J. Migration of di-(2- ethyhexyl) phthalate from PVC child articles into saliva and saliva stimulant. Food Additives & Contaminants 1998; 15 (7): 812-817. doi: 10.1080/02652039809374715
10. Deisinger PJ, Perry LG, Guest D. In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption of DEHP from DEHP-Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Film in Male Fischer 344 Rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1998, 36: 521-527. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00015-5
11. Till DE, Blid RC, Schwartz PS, Sidman KR, Valentine JR. Plasticizer migration from polyvinyl chloride film to solvents and foods. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1982; 20: 95-104. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(82)80016-1
12. Benaniba MT, Belhaneche-Bensemra N, Gelbard G. Stabilizing effect of epoxidized sunflower oil on the thermal degradation of PVC. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2001; 74 (3): 501-505. doi: 10.1002/app.35141
13. Buddhiranon S, Chang T, Tang K, Kyu T. Stabilization of epoxidized soybean oil-plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) blends via thermal curing with genistein, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2017; 135 (31) 464-472 doi: 10.1002/app.46472
14. Gilbert J, Castle L, Jickells SM, Mercer AJ, Sharman M. Migration from plastics into foodstuffs under realistic conditions of use. Food Additives & Contaminants 1988; 5: 513-523. doi: 10.1080/02652038809373685
15. Boussoum MO, Belhaneche-Bensemra N. Study and Optimization of a Soaking Treatment to Reduce Migration from Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2012; 124: 1241-1248. doi: 10.1002/app.35141
16. Pinaud J, Tang R, Gimello O, Robin JJ. Organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization of cyclic butylene terephthalate oligomers. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2017; 55 (9): 1611-1619. doi: 10.1002/pola.28534
17. Boussoum MO, Atek D, Belhanache-Bensemra N. Interactions between Poly (vinyl chloride) stabilised with expoxidized sunflower oil and food stimulants. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2006; 91 (3): 579-584. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.036
18. Stringer R, Labunska I, Santillo D, Johnston P, Siddorn J et al. Concentrations of Phthalate Esters and Identification of Other Additives in PVC children’s Toys. ESPR – Environmental Science & Pollution Research 2000; 7: 1-10. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1065/ espr199910.007
19. Earls AO, Axford IP, Braybrook JH. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of the migration of phtalate plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride toys and childcare articles. Journal of Chromatography A 2003; 983: 237-246. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01736-3
20. Çalik P, Özdamar TH. Carbon sources affect metabolic capacities of Bacillus species for the production of industrial enzymes. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2001; 8 (1): 61-81. doi: 10.1016/S1369-703X(00)00136-4
21. Wang Q, Storm BK. Separation and analysis of low molecular weight plasticizers in poly (vinyl chloride) tubes. Polymer Testing 2005; 24: 290-300. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2004.12.002
22. Fantoni L, Simoneau C. European survey of contamination of homogenized baby food by expoxidized soybean oil migration from plasticized PVC gaskets. Food Additives & Contaminants 2003; 20 (11): 1087-1096. doi: 10.1080/02652030310001615186
23. Bertrand D, Dufour E. Spectroscopie infrarouge et ses applications analytiques. Lavoisier, Paris, 2006. https://scholar.google.com/scholar ?cluster=10265320151557942189&hl=fr&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5
24. Aurisano N, Huang L, Canals LM, Jolliet O, Fantke P. Chemicals of concern in plastic toys. Environment International 2021; 146: 106194. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194
25. Klemchuk PP, Horng PL. Transformation products of hindered phenolic antioxidants and colour development in polyolefins. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1991; 34 (1-3): 333-346. doi: 10.1016/0141-3910(91)90127-D
26. Bouchaib Z, Boussoum MO, Belhaneche-Bensemr N, Dahak R. Study of the migration phenomena from milk polypropylene bottles. Science within Food: Up-to-date Advances on Research and Educational Ideas, Food Science Book 2017: 223-231. https://scholar.google. com/scholar?hl=fr&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=+Study+of+the+migration+phenomena+from+milk+polypropylene+bottles%2C+&btnG=
27. Belhaneche-Bensemra N, Zeddam C, Ouahmed S. Study of the migration of additives from plasticized PVC, macromolecule. Symposia. 2002; 180 (1): 191-202. doi: 10.1002/1521-3900(200203)180:1<191::AID-MASY191>3.0.CO;2-U