Didem DELİORMAN ORHAN, Berrin ÖZÇELİK, Sanem HOŞBAŞ, Mecit VURAL

Assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, and antifungal activities of some plants used as folk remedies in Turkey against dermatophytes and yeast-like fungi

Twenty-seven aqueous extracts obtained from 21 plants used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections as folk remedies in Turkey were investigated for their relative total phenolic contents and antioxidant, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, and antifungal activities. Antibacterial and antifungal activities against dermatophytes and yeast-like fungi were determined using the microdilution method. Antibacterial activity of all extracts was more pronounced against gram-positive bacteria than against gram-negative bacteria. These extracts also exhibited higher antifungal activity against Candida krusei than ketaconazole. Six extracts displayed antidermatophytic activity against Epidermophyton floccosum, while only 3 extracts were highly active against Trichophyton rubrum. The extracts showed strong activity against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium, except for the Teucrium polium, Urtica dioica, Salvia fruticosa, S. verticillata, Rosa canina (flower, shoot, and root), Rubus sanctus, and Crepis foetida extracts. Additionally, all extracts exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH assay except for the Primula vulgaris, Ononis spinosa, Nepeta italica, Hedera helix, Lantana camara (orange flowers), U. dioica, and C. foetida extracts. The highest total phenolic content was observed in R. canina root extract. No correlation was observed between biological activities and the amount of phenolic compounds. All plants used in this study could be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Key words: Antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content

Assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, and antifungal activities of some plants used as folk remedies in Turkey against dermatophytes and yeast-like fungi

Keywords:

Key words: Antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content,

PDF

___

Samy RP, Gopalakrishnakone P. Therapeutic potential of plants as anti-microbials for drug discovery. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 7: 283-294, 2010.
Kan A, Özçelik B, Kartal M. In vitro antiviral activities under cytotoxic doses against herpes simples type-1 and parainfluensa-3 viruses of Cicer arietinum L. Afr J Pharm Pharmaco 3: 627-631, 2009.
Meenakshi S, Manicka GD, Tamil Mozhi S et al. Total flavanoid and in vitro antioxidant activity of two seaweeds of Rameshwaram coast. GJP 3: 59-62, 2009.
Sezik E, Zor M, Yesilada E. Traditional medicine in Turkey II. Folk medicine in Kastamonu. Int J Pharmacogn 30: 233-239, 1992.
Sezik E, Yeşilada E, Tabata M et al. Traditional medicine in Turkey VIII. Folk medicine in East Anatolia; Erzurum, Erz- incan, Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır provinces. Econ Bot 51: 195-211, 1997.
Sezik E, Yeşilada E, Honda G et al. Traditional medicine in Tur- key X. Folk medicine in Central Anatolia. J Ethnopharmacol
Yeşilada E, Honda G, Sezik E et al. Traditional medicine in Tur- key V. Folk medicine in Inner Taurus Mountains. J Ethnophar- macol 46: 133-152, 1995.
Yeşilada E, Sezik E, Honda G et al. Traditional medicine in Tur- key IX. Folk medicine in north-west Anatolia. J Ethnopharma- col 64: 195-210, 1999.
Honda G, Yeşilada E, Tabata M et al. Traditional medicine in Turkey, VI. Folk medicine in West Anatolia: Afyon, Kütahya, Denizli, Muğla, Aydın provinces. J Ethnopharmacol 53: 75-87, 1996.
Özgen U, Çoşkun M. Ilıca (Erzurum) İlçesine bağlı köylerde halk ilacı olarak kullanılan bitkiler. In: XIII Symposium on Plant Originated Crude Drugs Proceedings Book. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara. İstanbul; 2000: pp. 135-144 (in Turkish).
Ecevit Genç G, Özhatay N. An ethnobotanical study in Çatalca (European part of İstanbul) II. Turkish J Pharm Sci 3: 73-89, 2006.
Yiğit D, Yiğit N, Özgen U. An investigation on the anticandidal activity of some traditional medicinal plants in Turkey. Myco- ses 52: 135-140, 2008.
Bulut G, Tuzlacı E. Folk medicinal plants of Bayramiç (Çanakkale-Turkey). J Fac Pharm İstanbul 40: 87-99, 2008- 2009.
Ugulu I, Baslar S, Yorek N et al. The investigation and quantita- tive ethnobotanical evaluation of medicinal plants used around İzmir province, Turkey. J Med Plants Res 3: 345-367, 2009.
Askun T, Tumen G, Satil F et al. Characterization of the phenolic composition and antimicrobial activities of Turkish medicinal plants. Pharm Biol 47: 563-571, 2009.
Poyrazoğlu Çoban E, Biyik H. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extracts of some plants natural growing in Aydın, Turkey. Afr J Microbiol Res 4: 2318-2323, 2010.
Tuzlacı E, Doğan A. Turkish folk medicinal plants, IX: Ovacık (Tunceli). Marmara Pharm J 14: 136-143, 2010.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard. CLSI. Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA; 1996.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 16th Informational Supplement. CLSI. Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA; 2006.
Özçelik B. Microbiological models as a screening test: bioactivity processes of antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidermatophytic, antiprobiotic, antitumoral, and immunomodulator activity of the known, newly synthesized or extracted pharmaceutical compounds. In: Antibacterial Agents / Book 2. InTech Open Access Publisher; 2012 (in press).
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Reference
Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi; Approved Standard. CLSI. Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA; 2008.
Ozcelik B. Fungi/bactericidal and static effects of ultraviolet
light in 254 and 354 nm wavelengths. Res J Microbiol 2: 4-49, 2007.
Deliorman Orhan D, Orhan N, Özçelik B et al. Biological activities of Vitis vinifera L. leaves. Turk J Biol 33: 341-348, 2009.
Saravana Kumar A, Mazumder A, Vanitha J et al. Evaluation
of antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Indian medicinal plants. Pharmacogn Mag 4: 143-147, 2008.
Török E, Day N. Staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Medicine 33: 97-100, 2005.
Akşit A. Akut solunum yolu enfeksiyonları-1. STED 11: 132
, 2002 (in Turkish).
Ghaemi EA, Mazandarani M, Mansourian AR et al. Antimycobacterial activity of some medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in North of Iran. IPCBEE 3: 26-28, 2011.
Tosun F, Akyüz Kızılay Ç, Şener B et al. The evaluation of plants from Turkey for in vitro antimycobacterial activity. Pharm Biol
Aşkun T, Başer KHC, Tumen G et al. Characterization of es- sential oils of some Salvia species and their antimycobacterial activities. Turk J Biol 34: 89-95, 2010.
Kirimuhuzya C, Waako P, Joloba M et al. The anti-mycobacterial activity of Lantana camara a plant traditionally used to treat symptoms of tuberculosis in South-western Uganda. Afr Health Sci 9: 40-45, 2009.
Brantner A, Grein E. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts used externally in traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 44: 34-40, 1994.
Brantner A, Maleš Z, Pepeljnjak S et al. Antimicrobial activity of Paliurus spina- christi Mill. (Christ’s thorn). J Ethnopharmacol 52: 119-122, 1996.
Yiğit D, Yiğit N, Özgen U et al. Bazı bitki ekstraktlarının (Laurocerasus officinalis, Rhododendron luteum, Rhododendron ponticum, Sambucus ebulus, Muscari fennifolium, Muscari masmeganus, Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Mentha longifolia, Prangos ferulacea, Galium verum, Salvia limbata, Artemisia austriaca) antibakteriyel aktiviteleri üzerine bir araştırma. Turk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 33: 269-272, 2003 (in Turkish with English abstract).
Gülçin İ, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, Oktay M et al. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.). J Ethnopharmacol 90: 205-215, 2004.
Akgul C, Saglikoglu G. Antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract and its fractions of aerial parts of Anthemis tinctoria. Indian J Biochem Bio 42: 395-397, 2005.
Barış Ö, Güllüce M, Şahin F et al. (2006). Biological activities of the essential oil and methanol extract of Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae). Turk J Biol 30: 65-73, 2006.
Hassawi D, Kharma A. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against Candida albicans. J Biol Sci 6: 109- 114, 2006.
Sarac N, Ugur A. Antimicrobial activities and usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species growing in Mugla, Turkey. EurAsia J BioSci 4: 28-37, 2007.
Turker AU, Usta C. Biological screening of some Turkish medicinal plant extracts for antimicrobial and toxicity activities. Nat Prod Res 22: 136-146, 2008.
Badakhshan MP, Sasidharan S, Rameshwar NJ et al. A comparative study: antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of Lantana camara various parts. Pharmacognosy Res 1: 348- 351, 2009.
Kurtulmus A, Fafal T, Mert T et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of three Anthemis species from Turkey. Chem Nat Comp 45: 900-904, 2009.
Özkan O, Aydın H, Bağcıgil AF. Salvia verticillata ve Phlomis pungens’in in vitro antibakteriyel etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15: 587-590, 2009 (in Turkish with English summary).
Uddin G, Rauf A, Qaisar M et al. Preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Hedera helix L. Middle- East J Sci Res 8: 198-202, 2011.
Weitzman I, Summerbell RC. The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev 8: 240-259, 1995.
Ali-Shtayeh MS, Abu Ghdeib SI. Antifungal activity of plant extracts against dermatophytes. Mycoses 42: 665-672, 1999.
Öksüz S, Gümüş S, Alpınar K. Sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids of Achillea species. Biochem Syst Ecol 19: 439, 1991.
Formisano C, Rigano D, Senatore F. Chemical constituents and biological activities of Nepeta species. Chem Biodivers 8: 1783- 1818, 2011.
Süntar İ, Koca U, Keleş H et al. Wound healing activity of Rubus sanctus Schreber (Rosaceae): preclinical study in animal models. E-CAM: doi:10.1093/ecam/nep137, 2011.
Deliorman Orhan D, Hartevioğlu A, Küpeli E et al. In vivo anti- inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of the crude extract and fractions from Rosa canina L. fruits. J Ethnopharmacol 112: 394-400, 2007.
Zidorn C, Schubert B, Stuppner H. Phenolics as chemosystematic markers in and for the genus Crepis (Asteraceae, Cichorieae). Sci Pharm 76: 743-750, 2008.
Oliveira AP, Pereira JA, Andrade PB et al. Targeted metabolites and biological activities of Cydonia oblonga Miller leaves. Food Chem 111: 393-399, 2008.
Ünal M, Yentür S, Cevahir G et al. Physiological and anatomical investigation of flower colors of Primula vulgaris L. Biotechnol Biotec Eq 17: 102-108, 2003.
Barreto FS, Sousa EO, Campos AR et al. Antibacterial activity of Lantana camara Linn and Lantana montevidensis Brig extracts from Cariri-Ceará, Brazil. J Young Pharm 2: 42-44, 2010.
Güner ND. Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Üzerinde Farmakognozik Araştırmalar, MSc, Hacettepe University Institute of Medical Sciences, Ankara, 2005.
Pinelli P, Ieri F, Vignolini P et al. Extraction and HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in leaves, stalks, and textile fibers of Urtica dioica L. J Agric Food Chem 56: 9127-9132, 2008.
Sever Yılmaz B, Özbek H, Saltan Citoğlu G et al. Analgesic and hepatotoxic effects of Ononis spinosa L. Phytother Res 20: 500- 503, 2006.
Trute A, Nahrstedt A. Identification and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds from the dry extract of Hedera helix. Planta Med 63: 177-179, 1997.
Nhiem NX, Tai BH, Kiem PV et al. Inhibitory activity of Plantago major L. on angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Arch Pharm Res 34: 419-423, 2011.
Esmaeili MA, Yazdanparast R. Hypoglycaemic effect of Teucrium polium: studies with rat pancreatic islets. J Ethnopharmacol 95: 27-30, 2004.
Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12: 564-582, 1999.