Hülya ÖZGÖNEN ÖZKAYA, Oktay ERDOĞAN, Aydın ATAKAN

Arbüsküler Mikorizal Funguslar (AMF)’ın Ağır Metal ve Tuz Stresi Üzerine Etkileri

Arbüsküler mikorizal funguslar (AMF) bitki kökleri ile simbiyotik yaşayan, toprak ve bitkiye faydalı mikroorganizmalardır. Bu çalışmada toprak ve bitkiye yararı olduğu bilinen AMF’ın topraktaki ağır metal ve tuzluluk stresi üzerine bazı etkileri değerlendirilmiş ve çözüm önerileri ortaya konulmuştur. Toprakta yüksek konsantrasyonlardaki ağır metal ve tuz birikimi, mikrobiyal çeşitlilik ve mikrobiyal aktiviteyi olumsuz etkilerken, kontamine olmuş topraklardan ağır metal ve tuz birikiminin fiziksel ve kimyasal yöntemlerle uzaklaştırılması hem pahalı hem de etkisi düşük bir yoldur. Bu bağlamda, AMF bitkilerdeki ağır metal ve tuz stresinin en aza indirilmesi için büyük önem arz etmektedir. AMF, bitki fizyolojisi ve kök morfolojisini değiştirebilme, geniş bir hif ağı vasıtasıyla topraktan su ve besin maddelerinin alımını artırabilme, kimyasal gübre kullanımının azaltma, bitki gelişimini teşvik edici diğer toprak mikroorganizmalarıyla etkileşime girebilme, stres faktörüne bağlı olarak bitkideki bazı dayanıklılık parametrelerinin aktive edebilme ve ürettikleri glomalin ile toprağın yapısını ve özelliklerini iyileştirebilme gibi birçok özelliğe sahiptir. AMF, geleneksel mücadele yöntemlerine göre çevre dostu olup uygun bitki-fungus kombinasyonlarının kullanılması ile bu uygulamaların başarı şansı daha da artacaktır.

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on Heavy Metal and Salt Stress

The Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microorganisms that live symbioticallywith plant roots and have many benefits to soil and plants. In this study, some effects ofAMF which are known to be soil and plant beneficial, have been evaluated and solutionproposals have been put forward against heavy metal and salinity stress in the soil. Saltaccumulation and high concentrations of heavy metal in the soil affects negatively themicrobial diversity and activity. Removal of salt acumulation and heavy metal fromcontaminated soil by chemical and physical methods is both very expensive andineffective. Therefore, AMF are important for alleviating the heavy metal and salt stressin plants. AMF can alter plant physiology and root morphology, increase the uptake ofnutrients and water from the soil through an extensive hyphal network, decrease the useof chemical fertilizer, interact with other soil microorganisms plant growth promoting,induce of some resistance parameters in the plants and produce the glomalin whichdevelops the properties and structure of soil. AMF are eco-friendly solutions according totraditional methods and the use of suitable plant-fungi combinations increases thechances of success of these applications.

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