Görgü Tanığının Bellek Yanılsamaları ve Güven Kararları: Bağımsız Bellek Bildirimlerinden Sonraki Test ve Soru Türü Değişkenlerinin

Bu çalışmada, bağımsız bellek bildirimlerinden sonraki test ve soru türü değişkenlerinin bir fonksiyonu olarak tanıkların, bir hırsızlık olayına ilişkin bellek yanılsamaları ve güven kararları incelenmiştir. Deneyin çalışma aşamasında katılımcılara, 52 olay slaydı izlettirilmiş ve olaya ilişkin bağımsız bellek raporlarını yazmaları ve bellek içeriklerine duydukları güveni, 7 boyutlu bir ölçek üzerinde değerlendirmeleri istenmiştir. Ara faaliyet aşamasından sonra katılımcılar, 10 kritik madde için hatırlama ya da tanıma testi koşulları altında; yanlış yönlendirmeli, doğru yönlendirmeli ve nötr soruları cevaplamışlardır. Benzer şekilde, ilgili kritiklere verdikleri cevaplar için güven kararlarını belirtmişlerdir. Deneyin son aşamasında katılımcılardan, olaya ilişkin ikinci bellek raporlarını yazmaları ve bellek içeriklerine ilişkin güven değerlendirmelerini bir kez daha yapmaları istenmiştir. Kritik maddeler için yapılan analizler, bellek hataları ve güven kararları üzerinde, test ve soru türü değişkenlerinin temel ve ortak etkilerinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Katılımcılar, hatırlama testinde, yanlış yönlendirmeli koşul altında daha çok bellek yanılsaması sergilemişler fakat bu koşuldaki cevaplarına daha az güven duymuşlardır. Birinci ve ikinci bellek raporlarının karşılaştırılmasına ilişkin bulgular, olay soni'ası bilgi etkisinin, katılımcıların kısmen ikinci bellek raporlarına da yansıdığını göstermiştir. Pratik açıdan bulgular, görgü tanığını sorgulayanların, bellek izini ve güvenini değiştirebilecek farklı sorgulama türlerinin farkında olmaları gerektiğine işaret etmektedir.

Memory Illusions and Confidence in Eyewitness Testimony: Effects of Test and Question Type Variables After the Declaration of Independent Memory Reports

In this experiment, memory illusions and confidence for a real criminal event were investigated as a function of test and question types after the declaration of independent memory reports of witnesses. In the studying phase of the experiment, participants were presented 52 event slides and asked to write their independent memory reports for the observed event and rate confidence level for their reports at 7 point scale. After completing filler task, they answered the questions under misleading, leading or neutral conditions in recall or recognition test for 10 critical items and also, rated their confidence of memories related these critics. Finishing the memory test was followed by another filler task. At the last part of the experiment, participants were asked to write their second memory reports of the event, and rate confidence level for the second reports, too. Results for the critics showed the main and interaction effects of test and question types upon the memory errors and confidence ratings. In the recall test, participants exhibited much more memory illusions under the misleading condition but low confidence rate. Our analysis upon the first and second memory report comparisons demonstrated that post event information effect was also bit reflected to second report of participants in a general sense. From a practical point of view, findings would imply that evaluators of witness' should be aware of different interrogation effects which can be altering memory trace and confidence.

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