Türkiye'nin Batısında Kırsal Bir Alanda Erişkin Erkeklerde Sigara İçme ve Depresyon İlişkisi

AMAÇ: Bu çalışmanın amacı Eskişehir Beylikovada 30-65 yaş arası erkeklerde sigara içme sıklığını saptamak ve depresyonla ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. YÖNTEM: Bu kesitsel çalışma 1 Kasım-31 Aralık 2010 tarihleri arasında Eskişehir Beylikovada 30-65 yaş arası erkekler arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma için gerekli verilerin toplandığı izlem formu literatürden oluşturulmuştur. Nikotin bağımlılığını değerlendirmek için Fagerström Bağımlılık Ölçeği (FBÖ) kullanılmıştır. Depresyon Beck Depresyon Ölçeğinin Türkçe formu ile ölçülmüştür. Veriler SPSS 15.0 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizde ki-kare ve Spearman Korelasyon testleri kullanılmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi olarak p

[Relationship between Smoking and Depression among Adult Men in A Rural Area in West of Turkey]

SUMMARY AIM: The aim of this study was to determine frequency of smoking, and was to evaluate its related with depression in 30-65 aged men in Beylikova district of Eskişehir city. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was realized between from 01st November to 31st December 2010 among men population of the age group 30-65 in Beylikova district of Eskişehir Province. Survey form to collect data for the purpose of this study was drawn from the literature. The Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) was used for to evaluate degree of nicotine dependence. Depression was measured with a Turkish version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The data were analyzed using the SPSS 15.0. Statistical analysis was made using the Chi square test and Spearman Correlation. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The age average of 372 men was 45.41±10.59 (range=30-65). The frequency of smoking was 62.9%. The amount of cigarettes smoked ranged from 2 to 137.5 pack-years. The average scores of FTQ were 5.26±2.43 (min: 0, max: 10) in the smokers. A significant positive correlation was found between the scores of FTQ and the amount (pack-years) of cigarettes smoked (rs=0.567; p<0.001). The frequency of depression doubtful cases was 73 (19.6%) in the study group. According to the FTQ scores of smokers; 63 (26.9%) men were high, and 47 (20.1%) men were very high degree of nicotine dependence. CONCLUSION: Depression frequency was higher in smokers than non-smokers. A positive association was found between pack-years and nicotine dependence level.

PDF

___

1. World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Free Initiative. Building Blocks for Tobacco Control: A Handbook. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2004. pp. 413.
2. Ulus T, Yurtseven E, Donuk B. Prevalence of smoking and related risk factors among Physical Education and Sports School students at Istanbul University. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(3):674-84.
3. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic: The MPOWER Package. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2008. pp. 1415.
4. King BA, Dube SR, Tynan MA. Current tobacco use among adults in the United States: findings from the national adult tobacco survey. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(11):e93-e100.
5. Alwan A. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2009. World Health Organization Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic; pp. 3738.
6. Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Turkey Report, Ministry of Health; Ankara: 2010
7. Bilir N. Tobacco control among the elderly. Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2006;52:4749.
8. Shibuya K, Ciecierski C, Guindon E, Bettcher DW, Evans DB, Murray CJ. WHO Framework convention on tobacco control: Development of an evidence based global public health treaty. BMJ.2003;327:154157.
9. World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Control in Turkey, Story of commitment and leadership, WHO Euro Publication: 2012
10. Buller DB, Borland R, Woodal WG. Understanding factors that influence smoking uptake. Tob. Control. 2003;12:1625.
11. Erbaydar T., Lawrence S., Dagli E., Hayran O., Collishaw N.E. Influence of social environment in smoking among adolescents in Turkey. Eur. J. Public Health. 2005;15:404 410.
12. Karlıkaya C, Oztuna F, Solak ZA, Ozkan M, Orsel O. Tutun kontrolu. Toraks Derg. 2006;7:5164.
13. Salooje Y, Dagli E. Tobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on health. Bull. World Health Organ. 2000;78:902910.
14. Wang MQ. Social environment influences on adolescents smoking progression. Am J Health Behav. 2001;25:418425.
15. American Psychiatric Association Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR.
16. Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH. Smoking and mental illness. A population prevalence-based study. JAMA 2000;284:260610.
17. Wilhelm K, Mitchell P, Slade T, Brownhill S, Andrews G. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV major depression in an Australian national survey. J Affect Disord 2003;75:15562. 1. 18.Mendelsohn C. Smoking and depression--a review. Aust Fam Physician.2012;41(5):304-7.
18. Tsoh JY, Humfleet GL, Munoz RF, Reus VI, Hartz DT, Hall SM. Development of major depression after treatment for smoking cessation. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:36874.
19. Hughes JR. Depression during tobacco abstinence. A review. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9:4436.
20. Beylikova Kaymakamlığı. İlcemizin Yapısı. http://www.beylikova.gov.tr/default_B0.aspx?conte nt=621 (Available date: 05 November 2010)
21. Tolonen H, Wolf H, Jakovljevic D, Kuulasmaa K and the European Health Risk Monitoring Project. Review of surveys for risk factors of major chronic diseases and comparability of the results. European Health Risk Monitoring (EHRM) Project. October, 2002. Available at: URL: http://www.ktl.fi/publications/ehrm/product1/title.ht m. Available date: 05 November 2010).
22. Fagerström KO, Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT. Nicotine addiction and its assesment. Ear Nose Throat J. 1990; 69 (11): 763-5.
23. Aksakal A, Khorshid L. Adana Tekel Sigara Fabrikasında calışan bireylerin sigara icme ve nikotin bağımlılıklarının incelenmesi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2006; 7; 57-64.
24. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961; 4: 561-71.
25. Hisli N. A study of the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory. Turkish J Psychol. 1998; 6: 118-22.
26. Memon A, Moody PM, Sugathan TN, el-Gerges N, alBustan M, al-Shatti A, et al. Epidemiology of smoking among Kuwaiti adults: prevalence, characteristics, and attitudes. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78:1306-1315.
27. Rampal L, Narasimman S. A community based study on the prevalence and factors affecting smoking in Kampong Jenderam Hilir, Sepang, Selangor. Med J Malaysia 2003;58:54-61.
28. Sigara Aliskanliklari ve Sigara ile Mucadele Kampanyasi Kamuoyu Arastirmasi: PIAR Arastirmasi Ltd Sti. Ocak 1988.
29. BIGTAS, Health Services Utilization Survey in Turkey, Ministry of Health, 1993.
30. Guler N, Demirel Y, Guler G, Kocatas S. Sivasın Cayboyu Mahallesinde yaşayan 10 yas uzerindeki bireylerin sigara icme durumu. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Tıp Fakultesi Dergisi. 2004;2:66-70.
31. Unsal A, Ayranci U, Tozun M. Frequency of smoking among males and its impact on the quality of life. Pak J Med Sci 2010;26(1):163-167.
32. T.B.M.M. Resmi Gazete. 7.11.1996 tarih ve 4207 sayılı Tutun mamullerinin zararlarının onlenmesine dair kanun.
33. Peixoto SV, Firmo JO, Lima-Costa MF. Factors associated to smoking habit among older adults (The Bambui Health and Aging Study). Rev Saude Publica. 2005;39(5):746-53.
34. Kaleta D, Polańska K, Kwaśniewska M, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Hanke W, Drygas W. Risk factors for smoking among the adult population--results of WOBASZ study in Lodź district. Med Pr. 2008;59(2):143-8.
35. Espinas JA, Moreno V, Borras JM, Pujol C, Marti M. The sociodemographic determinants of the tobacco habit and its cessation in the population of Cornella de Llobregat. Gac Sanit.1999;13(2):126- 34.
36. Kaleta D, Makowiec-Dąbrowska T, DziankowskaZaborszczyk E, Fronczak A. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of daily cigarette smoking in Poland: results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2009-2010). Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2012;25(2):126-36.
37. Fernandez E, Garcia M, Schiaffino A, Borras JM, Nebot M, Segura A. Smoking initiation and cessation by gender and educational level in Catalonia, Spain. Prev Med. 2001;32(3):218-23.
38. Marinho V, Blay SL, Andreoli SB, Gastal F. A prevalence study of current tobacco smoking in later life community and its association with sociodemographic factors, physical health and mental health status. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43(6):490-7.
39. Can G, Cakırbay H, Topbaş M, Karkucak M, Capkın E. Doğu Karadeniz Bolgesinde sigara icme prevalansı. Tuberkuloz ve Toraks Dergisi. 2007; 55(2): 141-147.
40. Woodgate RL, Kreklewetz CM. Youth's narratives about family members smoking: parenting the parent- it's not fair! BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):965.
41. Pekşen Y, Canbaz S, Sunter AT, Tuncel EK. Smoking Prevalence and Affecting Factors in Students of Ondokuz Mayis University Physicial Education and Sports AcademyJournal of Dependence. 2005; 6: 111-116.
42. Marakoğlu K, Civi S, Şahsıvar Ş, Ozdemir S.The Relationship between Smoking Status and Depression Prevalence among First and Second Year Medical Students Journal of Dependence. 2006; 7: 129-134
43. Yanık M, Gencer M, Ceylan E, Altındağ A. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Dependence Levels in a Group of People Who Smoke Rolled Tobacco in Sanliurfa. Journal of Dependence. 2004; 5: 26-29.
44. Balfour DJK, Ridley D. The effects on nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000; 66: 7985.
45. Klungsoyr O, Nygard JF, Sorensen T, Sandanger I. Cigarette smoking and incidence of first depressive episode: an 11-year, population-based follow-up study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2006;163:421432.
46. Sihvola E, Rose RJ, Dick DM, Pulkkinen L, Marttunen M, Kaprio J. Early-onset depressive disorders predict the use of addictive substances in adolescence: a prospective study of adolescent Finnish twins. Addiction. 2008;103:20452053.
47. Breslau N, Johnson EO. Predicting smoking cessation and major depression in nicotinedependent smokers. American Journal of Public Health. 2000;90:11221127.
48. Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Borges G, CastillaPuentes RC, Glantz MD, Jaeger SA, et al. Smoking and suicidal behaviors in the National Comorbidity Survey: Replication. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2007;195:369377.
49. Manley MJ, de Jonge P, Kershaw TS, Desai RA, Lin H, Kasl SV. Association of major depression with subtypes of nicotine dependence found among adult daily smokers: a latent class analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2009;104:126 132.
50. Aubin HJ, Tilikete S, Barrucand D. Depression and smoking. Encephale 1996; 22: 1722.
51. Tekbas F, Vaizoglu SA, Gulec M, Hasde M, Guler C. Smoking prevalence in military men and factors affecting this. Mil Med. 2002 Sep;167: 742- 746.
52. Tekbas OF, Ceylan S, Hamzaoglu O, Hasde M. An investigation of the prevalence of depressive symptoms in newly recruited young adultmen in Turkey. Psychiatry Res. 2003;119: 155-162.
53. Gulec M, Bakir B, Ozer M, Ucar M, Kilic S, Hasde M. Association between cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms among military medical students in Turkey. Psychiatry Res. 2005;134: 281-286.
54. Kutlu R, Civi S, Karaoğlu O. The Relationship Between the Frequency of Smoking and Depression among Police Officers. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2008; 7(1): 31-38.
55. Yazıcı O. Depresif bozukluklarda eştanı (komorbidite). Psikiyatri Dunyası. 2001;5:89-96.
56. Edwards AC, Kendler KS. A twin study of depression and nicotine dependence: Shared liability or causal relationship? J Affect Disord. 2012;142(1-3):90-7.
57. Edwards AC, Maes HH, Pedersen NL, Kendler KS. A population-based twin study of the genetic and environmental relationship of major depression, regular tobacco use and nicotine dependence. Psychol Med. 2011;41(2):395-405.