İş sağlığında önemli bir psikososyal risk: Mobbing-psikolojik yıldırma

Mobbing-psikolojik yıldırma, iş sağlığı alanında yeni dile getirilen bir konu olup, akademi ve iş çevrelerinin dikkatini gittikçe daha fazla çektiği görülmektedir. Mobbing çalışma çevresinde sık görülen sosyal ve psikolojik çok boyutlu bir eylemler dizisidir. Mobbing kendini, davranış, kelimeler, faaliyetler, tutum olarak veya kişilik, itibar, fiziksel veya psikolojik durumu yansıtan yazışmalarla ortaya koyabilir. Birey ve işyeri bağlamında önemli olumsuz sonuçları olan mobbing ile ilgili çalışmalar 1990’larda başlamıştır. Etkileri stres ve depresyondan psikosomatik sorunlara hatta kronik hastalıklara ve kardiyovasküler problemlere kadar uzanabilir. İşyerinde uygulanan mobbing; mantıksız ve kasıtlı davranışların tekrarlı olarak bir kişi veya bir grup çalışana yöneldiği, sağlık ve güvenlik üzerine risk yaratan uygulamalardır. Yıldırmayı, fiziksel şiddeti, ayrımcılığı, tehdidi, sosyal yalıtımı ve dengesizliği içerir. İş devamsızlığı en belirgin sonucudur. Potansiyel risk faktörleri olarak organizasyon problemleri, yetersiz liderlik, görev tanımındaki belirsizlikler ve zaman baskısı gibi etmenler belirtilmektedir. Psikolojik yıldırmadan korunmak için stratejik bir yaklaşım ve işyerlerinde olumlu bir iklim yaratacak organize faaliyetler uygulanmalıdır. Psikolojik yıldırmayı standardize olarak tanımlayacak ve değerlendirecek daha fazla çalışma yapılması gereklidir; böylece sonuçların farklı kültürler ve mesleklerde karşılaştırılabilmesi yapılabilecektir. Bu derlemede, mobbing-psikolojik yıldırma halk sağlığı bakış açısıyla incelenmiştir.

An ımportant psychosocial risk in occupational health: Mobbing

Mobbing, a rising issue in the occupational health area, has recently been paid attention more and more in the academic and business settings. Mobbing is a series of action having multidimensional features socially and psychologically, and it is frequent in occupational environment. Mobbing may present itself as behaviors, words, acts, gestures, or writings that affect personality, dignity, physical, and psychological integrity. Early 1990’s were the time studies about mobbing started to be done, indicating its negative effects on both individual and the working place. These extend from stress and depression to psychosomatic disorders, and even chronicle diseases and cardiovascular problems. Workplace mobbing is repetitive, unreasonable malicious behavior directed toward an employee or a group of employees, that creates risk to health and safety. It may manifest as intimidation, physical violence, discrimination, threats, social isolation, and destabilization. The most prominent result is lack of continuity. Organizational problems, time pressure, lack of leadership and task definition etc. are defined to be potential risk factors. For prevention, there must be an organized intervention including a strategically approach towards mobbing and a positive environment at workplace. There is a need for standardization, and studies to define and evaluate mobbing behavior in order to make a comparison between different cultures and occupations. In this review article mobbing was examined with the view of public health.

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