Alper DEMİRDÖĞEN, Emine OLHAN, Gökhan AYKAÇ

Türkiye'de Gelirin Gıda Tüketimi Üzerine Etkisi

Tüketc davranışlarını anlamaya yönelk çalışmalar özellkle ülkelern refah poltkalarını değerlendrme açısından önem arz etmektedr. Bu doğrultuda gelrn gıda tüketm üzerndek etksne yönelk öneml düzeyde çalışma gerçekleştrlmştr. Gıda harcamalarında gelrn etksnn ncelenmes, gıda güvenlğ kapsamında yoksul hanelern davranışlarının ncelemes açısından önemldr. Her ne kadar zaman çersnde öneml düzeyde çalışma yapılsa da, bu çalışmaların brçoğu zaman sers verlern kullanmışlardır. Günümüzde gelşen hanehalkları ver setlerne bağlı olarak gözlem sayısı artmış ve daha tutarlı sonuçlar elde edlmeye başlanmıştır. Gelrn gıda tüketmler üzerndek etksnn ncelenmesnde Türkye öneml br ülkedr. 2002-2017 yılları arasında reel anlamda gelr yaklaşık olarak %85 artmıştır. Bu gelr değşmnn hanelern gıda tüketmlern nasıl etkledğne dar çalışmaların yapılmasına htyaç bulunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı Türkye'de gelrn gıda tüketm üzerne etksn ölçmektr. Çalışma kapsamında TÜİK tarafından toplanan Hanehalkı Bütçe Anket verler kullanılmıştır. Odaklanılan zaman dönem 2002-2017 yılları arasıdır. Ver gözlem yaklaşık 175 bn hanedr. Yöntem olarak en küçük kareler, k aşamalı en küçük kareler, dlm regresyon ve çsel dlm regresyon yaklaşımları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın başlıca bulgularına göre gelr artıkça hanelern bütçe çersndek gıda harcamaları payı azalmaktadır. Bu durum kullanılan yöntemden bağımsızdır. Ayrıca dlm regresyon sonuçlarına göre haneler yoksullaştıkça gelrn gıda harcama payı üzerndek negatf yönlü etks artmaktadır. Bu durum özellkle gelr değşkennn harcama değşken çn araç değşken olarak kullanıldığı çsel dlm regresyon yaklaşımında net br şeklde görülmektedr. Marjnal etknn gösterlmes çn hesaplanan esneklk değerlernde se çsellğn dkkate alınması yoksullar çn gelrn gıda tüketm üzerndek etksn çsellğn hmal edldğ hesaplamalara göre azaltmaktadır

The Impact of Income on Food Consumption in Turkey

Understanding consumer behaviors is especially important in the evaluation of welfare policies. In order to understand these issues, there have been several studies on the impact of income on food consumption. Evaluation of the impact of income on food consumption is also important in the context of food security. Even though there are a significant amount of studies, most of them use time-series datasets. Nowadays, with the improvement of the dataset, the observation number of the datasets has significantly increased, and more consistent results have been achieved. Turkey is an important country in the context of the impact of income on food consumption. Income has increased in reel prices by 85% in the period of 2002-2017. Therefore, there is a need to understand how this income change has an effect on food consumption. This paper aims to estimate the impact of income on food consumption in Turkey. We use the Household Budget Survey data provided by TurkStat. The time period is 2002-2017. The observation of the dataset is approximately 175 thousand households. For our empirical strategy, we use ordinary least square, two-stage least square, quantile regression, and endogenous quantile regression. We find that the share of food expenditure in total expenditure decreases as the income of the household increases. This finding is robust across all the empirical methods we use. According to the findings of quantile regression results, the negative impact of income on the share of food expenditure increases as households become poorer. This finding is much more clearly seen in the quantile regression estimation that considers the endogeneity of expenditure variable. In the elasticity estimation, considering the endogeneity decreases the marginal effect of the income compared to the estimation which omits the issue of endogeneity.

PDF

___

ABDULAI, A. I. & AUBERT, D. 2002. Does Income Really Matter? Nonparametrc and Parametrc Estmates of the Demand for Calores n Tanzana. 10. EAAE Congress. Explorng Dversty n the European Agr-Food System, Zaragoza, Span, 28-31 August 2002.
AKBAY, C., BOZ, I. & CHERN, W. S. 2007. Household food consumpton n Turkey. European Revew of Agrcultural Economcs, 34, 209-231.
ALPAY, S. & KOC, A. Household demand n Turkey: an applcaton of almost deal demand system wth spatal cost ndex. Economc Research Forum Workng Papers, 2002.
AYKAÇ, G. 2018. Engel Yasası'nın Türkye Sınaması ve Gıda Talebnn Gelr Esneklğ: Gıda Harcamalarının Bütçe Payının Hane Profil ve Toplam Harcama le İlşks (2003-2013). Sosyoekonom, 26, 105-133.
BALINEAU, G. 2015. Far Trade? Yes, but not at Chrstmas! Evdence from scanner data on real French Fartrade purchases. Agence Françase de Développement / French Development Agency.
BALLI, F. & TIEZZI, S. 2009. Equvalence scales, the cost of chldren and household consumpton patterns n Italy. Revew of Economcs of the Household, 8, 527-549.
BANKS, J., BLUNDELL, R. & LEWBEL, A. 1997. Quadratc Engel Curves and Consumer Demand. The Revew of Economcs and Statstcs, 79, 527-539.
BILGIC, A. & YEN, S. T. 2013. Household food demand n Turkey: A two-step demand system approach. Food Polcy, 43, 267- 277. BILGIC, A. & YEN, S. T. 2014. Demand for meat and dary products by Turksh households: a Bayesan censored system approach. Agrcultural Economcs, 45, 117-127.
BLANCIFORTI, L. & GREEN, R. 1983. An Almost Ideal Demand System Incorporatng Habts - an Analyss of Expendtures on Food and Aggregate Commodty Groups. Revew of Economcs and Statstcs, 65, 511-515.
BLUNDELL, R., DUNCAN, A. & PENDAKUR, K. 1998. Semparametrc estmaton and consumer demand. Journal of Appled Econometrcs, 13, 435-461.
BLUNDELL, R. & ROBIN, J. M. 1999. Estmaton n large and dsaggregated demand systems: an estmator for condtonally lnear systems. Journal of Appled Econometrcs, 14, 209-232.
CHERNOZHUKOV, V. & HANSEN, C. 2006. Instrumental quantle regresson nference for structural and treatment effect models. Journal of Econometrcs, 132, 491-525.
CHERNOZHUKOV, V. & HANSEN, C. 2008. Instrumental varable quantle regresson: A robust nference approach. Journal of Econometrcs, 142, 379-398.
CLEMENTS, K. W. & CHEN, D. 1996. Fundamental smlartes n consumer behavour. Appled Economcs, 28, 747-757. CLEMENTS, K. W. & SI, J. 2018. Engel's Law, Det Dversty, and the Qualty of Food Consumpton. Amercan Journal of Agrcultural Economcs, 100, 1-22.
ÇOLAK, Ö. F., ÖZTÜRKLER, H. & TOKATLIOĞLU, İ. 2008. Türkye'de tüketm fonksyonunun dlm regresyon yöntem le tahmn. Iktsat Isletme ve Fnans, 23, 62-93.
DEATON, A. & MUELLBAUER, J. 1980. An almost deal demand system. The Amercan economc revew, 70, 312-326. ECKER, O. & QAIM, M. Income and prce elastctes of food demand and nutrent consumpton n Malaw. Amercan Agrcultural Economcs Assocaton Annual Meetng, Orlando FL, July, 2008. 27-29.
ECKER, O. & QAIM, M. 2011. Analyzng Nutrtonal Impacts of Polces: An Emprcal Study for Malaw. World Development, 39, 412-428. ENGEL, E. 1857. De productons-und consumtonsverhältnsse des köngrechs sachsen. Zetschrft des Statstschen Büreaus des Könglch Sächschen Mnsterums des Innern, 8, 1-54.
ENGEL, E. 1895. De Lebenskosten belgscher Arbeter-Famlen früher und jetzt. Bulletn de Insttut Internatonal de Statstque. GRIMARD, F. 1996. Does the poor's consumpton of calores respond to changes n ncome? Evdence from Pakstan. The Pakstan Development Revew, 257-283.
HOLCOMB, R., PARK, J. & CAPPS, O. 1995. Revstng Engel's law: Examnng expendture patterns for food at home and away from home. Amercan Journal of Agrcultural Economcs, 77, 1367-1367.
KEDIR, A. & GIRMA, S. 2007. Quadratc Engel Curves wth Measurement Error: Evdence from a Budget Survey. Oxford Bulletn of Economcs and Statstcs, 69, 123-138.
KLONARIS, S. & HALLAM, D. 2003. Condtonal and uncondtonal food demand elastctes n a dynamc multstage demand system. Appled Economcs, 35, 503-514.
KOENKER, R. & BASSETT, G. 1978. Regresson Quantles. Econometrca, 46, 33-50.
KOENKER, R., CHESHER, A. & JACKSON, M. 2005. Quantle Regresson, Cambrdge Unversty Press. KWAK, D. W. 2010. Instrumental varable quantle regresson method for endogenous treatment effect. Workng Paper. LARSON, D., MARTIN, W., SAHIN, S. & TSIGAS, M. 2016. Agrcultural Polces and Trade Paths n Turkey. The World Economy, 39, 1194-1224.
LESER, C. E. V. 1963. Forms of Engel Functons. Econometrca, 31, 694-703.
MENEZES, T. A., AZZONI, C. R. & SILVEIRA, F. G. 2008. Demand elastctes for food products n Brazl: a two-stage budgetng system. Appled Economcs, 40, 2557-2572.
MERGOS, G. J. & DONATOS, G. S. 1989. Consumer-Behavor n Greece - an Applcaton of the Almost Ideal Demand System. Appled Economcs, 21, 983-993.
MOLINA, J. A. 1994. Food Demand n Span - an Applcaton of the Almost Ideal System. Journal of Agrcultural Economcs, 45, 252-258.
OECD. 2017. Income nequalty [Onlne]. Avalable: https://data.oecd.org/nequalty/ncome-nequalty.htm [Erşm Tarh: 10.18. 2017].
OGUNDARI, K. & ABDULAI, A. 2013. Examnng the heterogenety n calore-ncome elastctes: A meta-analyss. Food Polcy, 40, 119-128.
PARK, J. L., HOLCOMB, R. B., RAPER, K. C. & CAPPS, O. 1996. A Demand Systems Analyss of Food Commodtes by U.S. Households Segmented by Income. Amercan Journal of Agrcultural Economcs, 78, 290-300.
RAPER, K. C., WANZALA, M. N. & NAYGA, R. M. 2002. Food expendtures and household demographc composton n the US: a demand systems approach. Appled Economcs, 34, 981-992.
SANTERAMO, F. G. & SHABNAM, N. 2015. The ncome-elastcty of calores, macro- and mcro-nutrents: What s the lterature tellng us? Food Research Internatonal, 76, 932-937.
SENGUL, S. & TUNCER, İ. 2005. Poverty levels and food demand of the poor n Turkey. Agrbusness, 21, 289-311. SKOUFIAS, E. 2003. Is the Calore–Income Elastcty Senstve to Prce Changes? Evdence from Indonesa. World Development, 31, 1291-1307.
STAUDIGEL, M. & SCHROCK, R. 2015. Food Demand n Russa: Heterogeneous Consumer Segments over Tme. Journal of Agrcultural Economcs, 66, 615-639.
TIFFIN, A. & TIFFIN, R. 1999. Estmates of food demand elastctes for Great Brtan: 1972-1994. Journal of Agrcultural Economcs, 50, 140-147.
UNNEVEHR, L., EALES, J., JENSEN, H., LUSK, J., MCCLUSKEY, J. & KINSEY, J. 2010. Food and Consumer Economcs. Amercan Journal of Agrcultural Economcs, 92, 506-521.
WORKING, H. 1943. Statstcal Laws of Famly Expendture. Journal of the Amercan Statstcal Assocaton, 38, 43-56.
WORLD BANK. 2019. World Development Indcators [Onlne]. Avalable: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx? source=world-development-ndcators [Erşm Tarh: 06.05 2019].
ZHOU, D. & YU, X. H. 2015. Calore Elastctes wth Income Dynamcs: Evdence from the Lterature. Appled Economc Perspectves and Polcy, 37, 575-601