Çocukların Dijital Teknolojileri Kullanım Süreçlerinin Dijital Çağ Ebeveynlerinin Perspektifinden İncelenmesi

Dijital teknolojilerdeki gelişmeler ve gün geçtikçe çocuklar arasında yaygınlaşan kullanımı, çocukların dijital teknolojileri kullanım süreçlerinin araştırılması ihtiyacını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, çocukların dijital teknolojileri kullanım süreçlerinin, dijital çağ ebeveynlerinin perspektifinden incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma fenomenoloji deseni kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu ölçüt örnekleme göre seçilen 15 ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ebeveynlerin büyük çoğunluğunun dijital ortamları güvenli bulmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ebeveynler dijital teknolojilerin çocuklar üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini çeşitli bağımlılıklar geliştirme, sağlık sorunları, akademik başarıda düşüş, yüz yüze iletişim becerilerinde azalma, gerçek yaşam deneyimlerinden uzaklaşma ve kültürel değerlerden uzaklaşma olarak belirtmişlerdir. Araştırmada ebeveynlerin çoğunluğu, çocuklarının dijital ortamlarda yaşadığı olumsuz bir olaya tanık olmadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Bir diğer önemli sonuç ise, çocukların büyük çoğunluğunun dijital ortamlarda karşılaştıkları sorunlarla ilgili olarak ebeveynlerinden yardım istememeleridir. Ebeveynlere çocuklarının yaşadıkları olumsuz durumları paylaşabilecekleri bir güven ortamı oluşturmaları ve çocuklarıyla güçlü bir iletişim kurmaları önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Dijital Çağ, Dijital Çağ Ebeveynleri, Dijital Teknolojiler, Dijital Teknoloji Kullanımı, Ortaokul Öğrencileri

An Investigation of Processes of Children's Digital Technologies Usage from the Perspective of Digital Age Parents

The developments in digital technologies and their widespread use among children day by day bring the need to investigate the processes of children's use of digital technologies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the processes of children's digital technologies usage from the perspective of digital age parents. The phenomenology pattern is used to conduct the study. The study group consists of 15 parents, selected according to the criterion sampling. A semi-structured interview form is used as a data collection tool. Content analysis is used in the analysis of the data. It is found that the majority of parents do not find digital environments safe. Parents stated the negative effects of digital technologies on children as developing various addictions, health problems, decline in academic success, decline in face to face communication skills, moving away from real life experiences, and moving away from cultural values. The majority of parents indicated that they did not witness a negative event that their children experienced in digital environments. Another important result is that the majority of children do not seek help from their parents regarding the problems they encounter in digital environments. It is recommended that parents should create an environment of trust where their children can share their negative situations and establish a strong communication with their children.

Keywords:

Digital Age, Digital Age Parents, Digital Technologies, Use of Digital Technology, Secondary School Students,

PDF

___

Akbaş Zeybekoğlu, Ö., & Dursun, C. (2020). Teknolojinin Aileye Etkisi: Değişen Ailenin Dijital Ebeveyn ve Çocukları. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, 15(4), 2245–2265. https://doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.43395
Aksoy, F., & Ünübol, H. (2021). Ergenlerde İnternet Bağımlılığı ile Şema Mekanizmaları Arasındaki İlişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.806920
Aksoy, H. Ö., & Fırat, N. (2016). İlköğretim okulu yönetici ve öğretmenlerinin bilgisayar kullanma yeterlilik düzeyleri. Journal of Turkish Studies, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.9432
Alvarez, I., Espasa, A., & Guasch, T. (2012). The value of feedback in improving collaborative writing assignments in an online learning environment. Studies in Higher Education, 37(4), 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.510182
Anderson, K. J. (2001). Internet use among college students: An exploratory study. Journal of the American College Health Association, 50(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480109595707
Anderson, M. (2016). Parents, Teens and Digital Monitoring | Pew Research Center.
Appel, M., Stiglbauer, B., Batinic, B., & Holtz, P. (2014). Internet use and verbal aggression: The moderating role of parents and peers. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.007
Ateş, M., & Durmuşoğlu Saltalı, N. (2019). KKTC’de yaşayan 5-6 yaş çocukların tablet ve cep telefonu kullanımına ilişkin ebeveyn görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Gazi Journal of Education Sciences, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.30855/gjes.2019.05.03.008
Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y
Bonetti, L., Campbell, M. A., & Gilmore, L. (2010). The relationship of loneliness and social anxiety with children’s and adolescents’ online communication. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0215
Canbek, G., & Sağıroğlu, Ş. (2007). Çocuklar ve gençlerin bilgisayar ve İnternet güvenliği. Politeknik Dergisi, 10(1), 33–39.
Carstens, A., & Beck, J. (2005). Get ready for the gamer generation. TechTrends, 49(3), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02763643
Cengizhan, C. (2005). Öğrencilerin bilgisayar ve internet kullanımında yeni bir boyut: İnternet bağımlılığı. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(22), 83–98.
Ceyhan, E. (2008). Ergen Ruh Sağlığı Açısından Bir Risk Faktörü: İnternet Bağımlılığı. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 15(2), 109–116.
Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002
Clark, L. S. (2011). Parental mediation theory for the digital age. Communication Theory, 21(4), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x
Cohen-Almagor, R. (2018). Social responsibility on the Internet: Addressing the challenge of cyberbullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 39, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.01.001
Dağhan, G., Kibar, P. N., Akkoyunlu, B., & Baskan, G. A. (2015). Öğretmen ve Yöneticilerin Etkileşimli Tahta ve Tablet Bilgisayar Kullanımına Yönelik Yaklaşımları ve Görüşleri. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 6(3), 399–417. https://doi.org/10.16949/turcomat.42868
David, D., Giannini, C., Chiarelli, F., & Mohn, A. (2021). Text neck syndrome in children and adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041565
Douglas, A. C., Mills, J. E., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Lee, S. K., Loutfi, J., Lee, J. K., Atallah, M., & Blanton, M. (2008). Internet addiction: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996-2006. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 3027–3044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.009
Drouin, M., & Landgraff, C. (2012). Texting, sexting, and attachment in college students’ romantic relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 444–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.015
Eastin, M. S., Greenberg, B. S., & Hosfchire, L. (2006). Parenting the Internet. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00297.x
Errasti-Ibarrondo, B., Jordán, J. A., Díez-Del-Corral, M. P., & Arantzamendi, M. (2019). van Manen’s phenomenology of practice: How can it contribute to nursing? Nursing Inquiry, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12259
EU Kids Online II Turkey. (2010). Avrupa çevrimiçi çocuklar araştırma projesi Türkiye sonuçları.
Flick, U. (2014). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Frangos, C., Frangos, C., & Kiohos, A. (2010). Internet Addiction among Greek University Students: Demographic Associations with the Phenomenon, Using the Greek Version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test. International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 3(1), 49–74.
Gómez, P., Harris, S. K., Barreiro, C., Isorna, M., & Rial, A. (2017). Profiles of Internet use and parental involvement, and rates of online risks and problematic Internet use among Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 826–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.027
Griffiths, M. D. (2002). Gambling and gaming addictions in adolescence. In Wiley-Blackwell.
Griffiths, M. D., & Davies, M. N. O. (2005). Videogame addiction: Does it exist. In J. Goldstein & J. Raessens (Eds.), Handbook of computer game studies (pp. 359--368).
Griffiths, Mark D, Kuss, D. J., & King, D. L. (2012). Video Game Addiction: Past, Present and Future. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520414
Guernsey, L., Levine, M., Chiong, C., & Severns, M. (2014). Pioneering Literacy In the Digital Wild West: Empowering Parents and Educators. In The Campaign for Grade Level Reading.
Günlü, A., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2017). Investigating Adolescents’ Behaviors on the Internet and Problematic Internet Usage. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 4(1), 75–117. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2017.4.1.0016
Hahn, E., Reuter, M., Spinath, F. M., & Montag, C. (2017). Internet addiction and its facets: The role of genetics and the relation to self-directedness. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.018
Hammersley, M. (2019). Alfred Schutz and ethnomethodology: Origins and departures. History of the Human Sciences, 32(2), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119830304
Hark Söylemez, N. (2021). Dijital ebeveynlik ile ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmaların incelenmesi. 4th International Congress of Human Studies.
Harris, C., Straker, L., Pollock, C., & Smith, A. (2015). Children, computer exposure and musculoskeletal outcomes: the development of pathway models for school and home computer-related musculoskeletal outcomes. Ergonomics, 58(10), 1611–1623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1035762
Hasebrink, U., Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2008). Comparing children’s online opportunities and risks across Europe: Cross-national comparisons for EU Kids Online. London School of Economics.
Hawk, S. T., Keijsers, L., Hale, W. W., & Meeus, W. (2009). Mind Your Own Business! Longitudinal Relations Between Perceived Privacy Invasion and Adolescent-Parent Conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015426
Houck, C. D., Barker, D., Rizzo, C., Hancock, E., Norton, A., & Brown, L. K. (2014). Sexting and sexual behavior in at-risk adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1157
Huang, G., Li, X., Chen, W., & Straubhaar, J. D. (2018). Fall-Behind Parents? The Influential Factors on Digital Parenting Self-Efficacy in Disadvantaged Communities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1186–1206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218773820
Jacobs, K., Hudak, S., & McGiffert, J. (2009). Computer-related posture and musculoskeletal discomfort in middle school students. Work, 32(3), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0826
Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2019). Educational Research Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches (7th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Kadli, J. H., Kumba, B. D., & Kanamadi, S. (2010). Students Perspectives on Internet Usage: A Case Study. Information Studies, 16(2), 121–130.
Kelly, G., Dockrell, S., & Galvin, R. (2009). Computer use in school: Its effect on posture and discomfort in schoolchildren. Work, 32(3), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0830
Kenley, H. (2011). Cyber bullying no more: Parenting a high tech generation. USA: Loving Healing Press.
Kurtoğlu Erden, M., & Uslupehlivan, E. (2021). Dijital Çağda Değişen Ebeveynlik Rolleri: Teknoloji Kullanımında Anne Babalar Rehber mi Engel mi Olmalı? Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.671929
Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J. H., & Kim, D. J. (2013). Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS ONE, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
Lampard, A. M., Jurkowski, J. M., & Davison, K. K. (2013). Social-Cognitive Predictors of Low-Income Parents’ Restriction of Screen Time Among Preschool-Aged Children. Health Education and Behavior, 40(5), 526–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198112467800
Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., & Grob, A. (2015). Adolescents’ Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x
Levine, D. T., & Stekel, D. J. (2016). So why have you added me? Adolescent girls’ technology-mediated attachments and relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.011
Li, M., Deng, Y., Ren, Y., Guo, S., & He, X. (2014). Obesity status of middle school students in Xiangtan and its relationship with Internet addiction. Obesity, 22(2), 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20595
Livingstone, S. (2002). Young People and New Media: Childhood and the Changing Media Environment. In Young People and New Media: Childhood and the Changing Media Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446219522
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the internet: The role of online skills and internet self-efficacy. New Media and Society, 12(2), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342697
Lupton, D., Pedersen, S., & Thomas, G. M. (2016). Parenting and Digital Media: From the Early Web to Contemporary Digital Society. Sociology Compass, 10(8), 730–743. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12398
Mark, K., Longinaker, N., Collinetti, E., Lowe, S., Husman, C., & Terplan, M. (2014). Gender Differences in Sexting Behaviors Among Chlamydia Positive Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(2), S52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.117
Martínez-Domínguez, M., & Mora-Rivera, J. (2020). Internet adoption and usage patterns in rural Mexico. Technology in Society, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101226
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The Content Analysis Guidebook. In The Content Analysis Guidebook (2nd Ed.). California: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878
Newsom, R., & Rehman, D. A. (2020). Sleep & Social Media: Staying Connected Can Keep You Up | Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-and-social-media
Niemz, K., Griffiths, M., & Banyard, P. (2005). Prevalence of pathological Internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(6), 562–570. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.562
O’Keeffe, G. S., Kathleen, C.-P., & Council on Communications and Media. (2011). The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Journal of American Academy of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054
Odgers, C. L. (2019). Why Digital Tools Have Not Yet Revolutionized Adolescent Health Research and What We Can Do. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(3), 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12534
Öztürk, M. (2021). Öğrencilerin Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve İnterneti Kullanma Durumlarının İncelenmesi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi.
Palfrey, J., & Gasser, U. (2008). Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives. New York: Basic Books.
Pandya, A., & Lodha, P. (2021). Social Connectedness, Excessive Screen Time During COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of Current Evidence. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.684137
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. In Sage (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-65552003000200018
Paul, H. A. (2015). Screen Smart Parenting: How to Find Balance and Benefit in Your Child’s Use of Social Media, Apps and Digital Devices , by J. Gold . Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 37(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2015.1035994
Pediatrics, A. A. of. (2001). Children, Adolescents, and Television. Pediatrics, 107(2), 423–426. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.2.423
Peng, W., & Liu, M. (2010). Online gaming dependency: A preliminary study in China. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0082
Picazo-Vela, S., Gutiérrez-Martínez, I., & Luna-Reyes, L. F. (2012). Understanding risks, benefits, and strategic alternatives of social media applications in the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.07.002
Plowman, L., McPake, J., & Stephen, C. (2010). The technologisation of childhood? Young children and technology in the home. Children and Society, 24(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2008.00180.x
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants: Do They Really Think Differently? On the Horizon, 9(6), 1–6.
Racz, S. J., Johnson, S. L., Bradshaw, C. P., & Cheng, T. L. (2017). Parenting in the digital age: urban black youth’s perceptions about technology-based communication with parents. Journal of Family Studies, 23(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2015.1108858
Rode, J. A. (2009). Digital parenting: Designing children’s safety. People and Computers XXIII Celebrating People and Technology - Proceedings of HCI 2009, 244–251. https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/hci2009.29
Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van Oosten, J. M. F., & Igartua, J. J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012
Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., & Carrier, L. M. (2008). The association of parenting style and child age with parental limit setting and adolescent MySpace behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.005
Salajan, F. D., Schönwetter, D. J., & Cleghorn, B. M. (2010). Student and faculty inter-generational digital divide: Fact or fiction? Computers and Education, 55(3), 1393–1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.06.017
Seo, M., Kang, H. S., & Yom, Y. H. (2009). Internet addiction and interpersonal problems in Korean Adolescents. CIN - Computers Informatics Nursing, 27(4), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCN.0b013e3181a91b3f
Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., & Ólafsson, K. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020. In EU Kids Online Network.
Sorbring, E. (2014). Parents’ Concerns About Their Teenage Children’s Internet Use. Journal of Family Issues, 35(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12467754
Stavropoulos, V., Alexandraki, K., & Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2013). Recognizing internet addiction: Prevalence and relationship to academic achievement in adolescents enrolled in urban and rural Greek high schools. Journal of Adolescence, 36(3), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.03.008
Suhail, K., & Bargees, Z. (2006). Effects of excessive Internet use on undergraduate students in Pakistan. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 9(3), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.297
Symantec. (2014). Internet Safety for Kids | Norton. https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-kids-safety.html
Teo, T. (2016). Do digital natives differ by computer self-efficacy and experience? An empirical study. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(7), 1725–1739. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2015.1041408
TÜİK. (2021). Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132
UNICEF. (2017). Children in a Digital World. In UNICEF Division of Communication.
Wartella, E., Rideout, V., Lauricella, A. R., & Connell, S. L. (2013). Parenting in the age of digital technology. In Center on Media and Human Development School of Communication Northwestern University.
WHO. (2015). Public Health Implications of Excessive Use of the Internet, Computers, Smartphones and Similar Electronic Devices. In Tokyo, Japan: National Cancer Research Centre. World Health Organisation (Vol. 1).
Willett, R. (2017). Domesticating online games for preteens–discursive fields, everyday gaming, and family life. Children’s Geographies, 15(2), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2016.1206194
Wisniewski, P., Xu, H., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2017). Parents just don’t understand: Why teens don’t talk to parents about their online risk experiences. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW, 523–540. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998236
Yaman, F., Kabakçı Yurdakul, I., & Dönmez, O. (2020). Dijital Vatandaşlıktan Dijital Ebeveynliğe Dönüşüm. In A. Baran Görgün, O. Hazer, & M. S. Öztürk (Eds.), Gençlik ve Dijital Çağ. Ankara:Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
Yaman, Fatih, Dönmez, O., Akbulut, Y., Yurdakul, I. K., Çoklar, A. N., & Güyer, T. (2019). Ebeveynlerin dijital ebeveynlik yeterliklerinin çeşitli demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44, 199–149.
Yang, F., Helgason, A. R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., & Kristjansson, A. L. (2013). Electronic screen use and mental well-being of 10-12-year-old children. European Journal of Public Health, 23(3), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks102
Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. In Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara (12th ed.).
Young, K. S., & Case, C. J. (2004). Internet Abuse in the Workplace: New Trends in Risk Management. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7(1), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104322820174