Okul Temelli Çocuk Koruma Eğitim Programlarının Çocuk Cinsel İstismarını Önlemede Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme

Amaç: Okul temelli çocuk koruma eğitim programlarının çocuk cinsel istismarını önlemedeki etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Derleme PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) bildirgesine ve dahil etme ve dışlanma kriterleri PICOS yöntemine göre belirlenmiştir. Tarama Ekim 2014-Aralık 2020 tarih aralığında, Science Direct, Web of Science, Pubmed, CINAHL, Scopus veri tabanlarında yapılmıştır. Çalışmaların yanlılık riski Cochrane kritik değerlendirme aracı (ROB 2) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Okul temelli eğitim programlarının çocuk istismarını önlemede etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar: Tüm çalışmalar çocuk istismarını önlemede, çocukların bilgi ve farkındalıklarını artırmada; uzun dönem eğitim verilen çalışmalar, çocukların davranış becerilerini geliştirmede okul temelli eğitim programlarının etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Çocuklar ile çalışan sağlık profesyonelleri ve okul sağlığı hemşireleri çocuk cinsel istismarını önlemeye yönelik çocuk koruma eğitim programları hazırlayabilir, düzenli olarak uygulayabilir ve bu programların uygulanmasında liderlik yapabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Beden güvenliği eğitimi, Çocuk koruma, Çocuk cinsel istismarı, Çocuk istismarını önleme, Önleme, Okul temelli

The Effect of School-Based Child Protection Education Programs on Preventing Child Sexual Abuse: Systematic Review

Introduction: It was conducted to examine the effect of school-based child protection education programs on preventing child sexual abuse. Materials and Methods: The review was determined according to the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) statement and the inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PICOS method. The review was carried out between October 2014 and December 2020 in Science Direct, Web of Science, Pubmed, CINAHL, Scopus electronic databases. The risk of bias the articles was evaluated with the Cochrane critical assessment tool (ROB 2). Results: It was found that school-based education programs were effective in preventing child abuse. Conclusions: All studies aim to prevent child abuse and increase children's knowledge and awareness; Long-term studies show that school-based education programs are effective in improving children's behavioral skills. Health professionals and school health nurses working with children can prepare, regularly implement and lead the implementation of child protection education programs to prevent child sexual abuse.

Keywords:

Body safety training, Child protection, Child sexual abuse, Child abuse prevention, Prevention, School based,

PDF

___

Abebe, K.Z., Jones, K.A., Ciaravino, S., Ripper, L., Paglisotti, T., Morrow, S.E, Grafals, M., Dusen, C.V., and Miller E. (2017). A cluster-randomized trial of a middle school gender violence prevention program: Design, rationale, and sample characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 62, 11-20.
Alizadeh, S., Raheb, G., Mirzaee, Z., and Hosseinzadeh, S. (2020). Effect of social competence training on tendency towards high-risk behaviors in male adolescents living in welfare boarding centers. Archives of Rehabilitation, 21(1), 54-72.
Balshema, H., Helfanda, M., Sch€unemannc, H.J., Oxmand, A.D., Kunze, R., Brozekc, J., Vist, G.E., Falck-Ytter, Y., Meerpohl, J., Norris, S., and Guyatt, G.H. (2011). GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidomiology, 64: 401-406.
Bartlett, J., Kotake, C., Fauth, R., ve Easterbrooks, A. (2017). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Do maltreatment type, perpetrator, and substantiation status matter?. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 84-94.
Bustamante, G., Andrade, M.S., Mikesell, C., Cullen, C., Endara, P., and Burneo, V. (2019). I have the right to feel safe": Evaluation of a school-based child sexual abuse prevention program in Ecuador. Child Abuse & Neglect, 91, 31-40.
Czerwinski, F., Finne, E., Alfes, J., and Kolip, P. (2018). Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to prevent child sexual abuse-Evaluation of the German IGEL program. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 109-122.
Daigneault, I., Vezina-Gagnon, P., Bourgeois, C., Esposito, T., ve Hebert, M. (2017). Physical and mental health of children with substantiated sexual abuse: Gender comparisons from a matched-control cohort study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 66, 155-165.
Dale, R., Shanley, D.C., Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J., Lines, K., Pickering, K., and White C. (2016). Empowering and protecting children by enhancing knowledge, skills and well-being: A randomized trial of learn to BE SAFE with ErnmyTM. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 368-378.
Diaz, M.J., Wolfersteig, W., Moreland, D., Yoder, G., Dustman, P., and Harthun, M.L. (2020). Teaching youth to resist abuse: Evaluation of a strengths-based child maltreatment curriculum for high school students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14, 141-149.
Easton, S., ve Kong, J. (2017). Mental health indicators fifty years later: A population-based study of men with histories of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 273-283.
Fitriana, R.N., Suryawati., and C, Zubaidah. (2018). Effect of peer education model on knowledge and self-efficacy of children in the prevention of physical sexual violence. Belitung Nursing Journal, 4(1), 51-57.
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2019). Progress towards prohibiting all corporal punishment in Europe and Central Asia [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/.
Güneş, Ü. (2017). Hemşirelikte kanıta dayalı uygulama sürecinin adımları. Uluslararası Hakemli New Hemşirelik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9, 171-187.
Higgins, J.P.T., ve Green, S., (eds). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions Version 5.1. 0. The Cochrane Collaboration [updated March 2011] [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/.
Higgins, J.P.T., Savović, J., Page, M.J., Elbers, R.G., ve Sterne, J.A.C. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.1 (updated September 2020). Cochrane, 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Holloway, J.L., and Pulido, M.L. (2018). Sexual abuse prevention concept knowledge: Low ıncome children are learning but still lagging. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(6), 642-662.
Jin, Y., Chen, J., Jiang, Y., and Yu, B. (2017). Evaluation of a sexual abuse prevention education program for school-age children in China: a comparison of teachers and parents as instructors. Health Education Research, 32(4), 364-373.
Jones, C., Scholes, L., Rolfe, B., Stieler-Hunt, C. (2020). A serious-game for child sexual abuse prevention: An evaluation of orbit. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107, 1-13.
Kim, S.J., and Kang, K.A. (2017). Effects of the child sexual abuse prevention education (C-SAPE) program on south Korean fifth-grade students’ competence in terms of knowledge and self-protective behaviors. Journal of School Nursing, 33(2), 123-132.
Liu, J., Fang, Y., Gong, J., Cui, X., Meng, T., Xiao, B., He, Y., Shen, Yet., ve Luo, X. al. (2017). Associations between suicidal behavior and childhood abuse and neglect: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 220, 147–155.
Madrid, B.J., Lopez, G.D., Dans, L.F., Fry, D.A., Duka-Pante, F.G.H., and Muyot, A.T. (2020). Safe schools for teens: preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study - Improving teachers' and students' knowledge, skills and attitudes. Heliyon, 6(6), 1-12.
Manges, M.E., and Nickerson, A.B. (2020). Student knowledge gain following the second step child protection unit: The ınfluence of treatment ıntegrity. Prevention Science, 21(8), 1037-1047.
McKibbin, G., ve Humphreys, C. (2020). Future directions in child sexual abuse prevention: An Australian perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect, 105, 1-8.
Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., Stewart, L.A., ve Group P-P. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1-9.
Moon, K.J., Park, K.M., and Sung, Y. (2017). Sexual abuse prevention mobile application (SAP_MobAPP) for primary school children in Korea. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(5), 573-89.
Moreno-Manso, J.M., Garcia-Baamonde, E., Blazquez-Alonso, M., and Pozueco-Romero, J.M. (2014). Application of a child abuse prevention programme in an educational context. Anales De Psicologia, 30(3), 1014-1024.
Morris, M.C., Kouros, C.D., Janecek, K., Freeman, R., Mielock, A.,and Garber, J. (2017). Community-level moderators of a school-based childhood sexual assault prevention program. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 295-306. Nickerson, A.B., Livingston, J.A., ve Kamper-DeMarco, K. (2018). Evaluation of second step child protection videos: A randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 10-22.
Nickerson, A.B., Tulledge, J., Manges, M., Kesselring, S., Parks, T., Livingston, J.A., ve Dudley, M. (2019). Randomized controlled trial of the Child Protection Unit: Grade and gender as moderators of CSA prevention concepts in elementary students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 1-12.
Nikolaidis, G., Petroulaki, K., Zarokosta, F., Tsirigoti, A., Hazizaj, A., Cenko, E., Brkic Smigoc, J., Vajzovic, E., Stancheva, V., Chincheva, S., Ajdukovic, M., Rajter, M., Raleva, M., Trpcevska, L., Roth, M., Antal, I., Ispanovic, V., Hanak, N., Olmezoglu Sofuoglu, Z., Umit Bal, I., Bianchi, D., Meinck, F., ve Browne, K. (2018). Lifetime and past-year prevalence of children’s exposure to violence in 9 Balkan countries: The BECAN study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 12(1), 1-15.
Pulido, M.L., Dauber, S., Tully, B.A., Hamilton, P., Smith, M.J., and Freeman, K. (2015). Knowledge gains following a child sexual abuse prevention program among urban students: A cluster-randomized evaluation. Am J Public Health, 105(7), 1344-1350.
Srivastava, K., Chaudhury, S., Bhat, P.S., ve Patkar, P. (2017). Child sexual abuse: The suffering untold. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 26(1), 1-3.
Tang, K., Qu, X., Li, C., ve Tan, S. (2018). Childhood sexual abuse, risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes among Chinese college students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84, 123-130.
The Joanna Briggs Institute. (2013). Developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendation Working Party October 2013 [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: https://joannabriggs.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI-Levels-of-evidence_2014_0.pdf.
Tonmyr, L., ve Shields, M. (2017). Childhood sexual abuse and substance abuse: A gender paradox?. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 284-294.
Tunc, G.C., Gorak, G., Ozyazicioglu, N., Ak, B., Isil, O., and Vural, P. (2018). Preventing child sexual abuse: Body safety training for young children in Turkey. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(4), 347-364.
Tutty, L.M., Aubry, D., and Velasquez, L. (2020). The “Who do you tell?”™ child sexual abuse education program: Eight years of monitoring. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29(1), 2-21.
United Nations. (2014). Sustainable development goals. Gender Equalty [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 17]. Available from: https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
Urban, K., Bienstein, P., and Kaul, T. (2020). The evidence-based sexual abuse prevention program: Strong with sam. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 25(4), 421-429.
Walsh, K., Zwi, K., Woolfenden, S., ve Shlonsky, A. (2015). School-based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse. Cochrane Database Of Systematic Reviews, 4(4), 1-121.
Walsh, K., Zwi, K., Woolfenden, S., ve Shlonsky, A. (2018) School-based education programs for the prevention of child sexual abuse: A cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(1), 33-55.
White, C., Shanley, D.C., Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J., Walsh, K., Hawkins, R., Lines, K., ve Webb, H. (2018). Promoting young children’s interpersonal safety knowledge, intentions, confidence, and protective behavior skills: Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse & Neglect, 82, 144-155.
Wood, M., and Archbold, C.A. (2015). Bad touches, getting away, and never keeping secrets: Assessing student knowledge retention of the "Red Flag Green Flag People" program. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(17), 2999-3021.
World Health Organization. (2020). Child maltreatment [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 16]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment.