Orta Asya Ve Kafkaslarda Militan İslam: El Kaide Etkisi

Orta Asya ve Kafkaslar, özellikle Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde militan İslami akımların hızlanarak güçlendiği iki bölge olmuştur. Her iki bölgenin geçmişinden ve çevresindeki ülkelerle ilişkilerinden kaynaklanan koşulların yanı sıra El Kaide kaynaklı terörizm de bu bölgelerdeki militan İslam’ı anlamak açısından önemlidir. El Kaide Afganistan’a yerleşmesinden itibaren Batı’ya karşı küresel cihat anlayışını benimsemiş ve bunu İslam dünyasının her tarafındaki silahlıİslamcı örgütlere de benimsetmeye çalışmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, El Kaide örgütü İslam dünyasının çeşitli bölgelerinde devam eden silahlı çatışmalara müdahil olmak ve hatta bu çatışmaları yönlendirmek için çaba sarf etmektedir. El Kaide’nin ve mücadelesinin küreselleşme sürecinden Orta Asya ve Kafkaslar bölgeleri de etkilenmiştir. El Kaide ile doğrudan bağlantısı bulunan Özbekistan İslami Hareketi ile Vahabi ideolojiden oldukça etkilenen, ancak El Kaide ile doğrudan bağlantısı kanıtlanamayan Çeçen cihatçı direnişçiler bu makalenin temel çalışma konusudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

El Kaide, Cihat, Mücahitler, Orta Asya, Kafkaslar, Taliban, Çeçenistan

Militant Islam in Central Asia and Caucasus: Al-Qaeda Impact

Central Asia and the Caucasus are two regions in which militant Islamic trends have been increasingly strengthening. Besides conditions stemming from the history of both regions and their relations with surrounding countries, terrorism originating from al-Qaeda is of significance in order to understand militant Islam in these regions as well. Accordingly, al-Qaeda has been trying to get involved in and even controlling the armed conflicts prevalent in the Islamic world. Central Asia and the Caucasus have also been influenced by the globalization process of al-Qaeda and its struggle. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, which has a direct connection with al-Qaeda, and Chechen jihadist insurgents, whose direct connection with al-Qaeda is unjustified but who on the other hand have been influenced by Wahhabism as an ideology to a certain extent, will be the main topics of study for this article

Keywords:

Al-Qaeda, Jihad, Mujahedeen, Central Asia, Caucasus, Taliban, Chechnya,

PDF

___

- al-Shishani, Murad Batal, “The Killing of Abu-al-Walid and Russian Policy in Chechnya”, Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 9, 5 Mayıs 2004, ss. 5-7.
- Bodansky, Yossef, Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America, (Rocklin, Calif: Forum, 2001).
- Cornell, Svante E., “The War Against Terrorism and the Conflict in Chechnya: A Case for Distinction”, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Cilt: 27, Sayı: 2, Sonbahar 2003, ss. 167-184.
- Cornell, Svante E., “Narcotics, Radicalism and Armed Conflict in Central Asia: The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Cilt: 17, Sayı: 6, Sonbahar 2003, ss. 619-639.
- “Çeçen Direnişi Komutanı Ebu Hafs: Mücadelemiz Çeçenistan’da, Yüreğimiz Kudüs’te”; http://www.velfecr.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=2289 (erişim tarihi; 1 Mayıs 2009).
- Dönmez, Rasim Özgür, “Orta Asya ve Kafkasya’da Siyasal Şiddet: Yerelden Küresele”, M. Turgut Demirtepe (der.), Orta Asya ve Kafkasya’da Güç Politikası (Ankara: USAK Yayınları, 2008), ss. 249-283.
- “Ex-President of Chechnya Killed in Blast in Qatar”, The New York Times, 14 Şubat 2004; http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/14/world/ex-presidentof-chechnya-killed-in-blast-in-qatar.html (erişim tarihi; 6 Haziran 2010)
- Gergez, Fawaz, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (New York: Cambridge University Pres, 2005).
- German, Tracey C., “The Pankisi Gorge: Georgia’s Achilles’ Heel in its Relations With Russia?”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt: 23, Sayı: 1, Mart 2004, ss. 27-39.
- Hahn, Gordon M., “The Jihadi Insurgency and the Russian Counterinsurgency in the North Caucasus”, Post-Soviet Affairs, Cilt: 24, Sayı: 1, Ocak/Mart 2008, ss. 1-40.
- Hughes, James, “The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists”, Demokratizatsiya: Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, Cilt: 15, Sayı: 3, 2007, ss. 293-311.
- Jacquard, Lonard, In the Name of Osama bin Laden:Global Terrorism and the bin Laden Brotherhood, Durham, N.C: Duke University Press, 2002.
- Lo, Bobo, Vladimir Putin and the Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy, London: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
- Lieven, Anatol, Chechnya: The Tombstone of Russian Power, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998.
- Menon, Rajan, “The Restless Region: The Brittle States of Central and South Asia”, James F. Hoge & Jr. And Gideon Rose (der.), How Did This Happen: Terrorism and the New War, New York: Public Affairs, 2001.
- Moore, Cerwyn ve Paul Tumelty, “Foreign Fighters and the Case of Chechnya: A Critical Assessment”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Cilt 31, Sayı 15, Mayıs 2008, ss. 412-433.
_ ____________________________, “Assessing Unholy Alliances in Chechnya: From Communism and Nationalism to Islamism and Salafism”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Cilt 25, Sayı 1, Mart 2009, ss. 73-94.
- Nokcho, M.B. & Glen E. Howard, “Chechnya’s Abu Walid and the Saudi Dilemma”, Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 1, 15 Ocak 2004.
- “Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer”; http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010926-5.html#Chechnya-Russia
- Rashid, Ahmed, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
- Roy, Olivier, Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah, New York: Columbia University Pres, 2004.
- “Russia ‘behind Chechen murder’”, BBC News, 30 Haziran 2004; http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3852697.stm (erişim tarihi; 6 Haziran 2010)
- Scher, Gideon “Chechen Jihad: An Analytical Overview”, International Insti-tute for Counter-terrorism, 12 Ağustos 2008; http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/743/currentpage/2/Default.aspx
- Scheuer, Michael, Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror, Washington, D.C: Brassey’s, 2004.
- Shay, Shaul, The Shahids: Islam and Suicide Attacks, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2004.
- Tumelty, Paul, “The Rise and Fall of Foreign Fighter in Checnhya”, Terrorism Monitor, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 2, Ocak 2006; http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_ cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=658
- The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chechen Republic of Ickheria, “The Russian-Chechen Tragedy: The Way to Peace and Democracy”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt: 22, Sayı: 4, Aralık 2003, ss. 481-509.
- Vidino, Lorenzo, “How Chechnya Became a Breeding Ground for Terror”, Middle East Quarterly, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 3, Yaz 2005, ss. 57-66.
- Weisman, Steven R. “Threat and Responses: Terror Links; US Lists 3 Chechen Groups as Terrorists and Freezes Assets”, New York Times, 1 Mart 2003; http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E3DB103CF932A3575 0C0A9659C8B63
- Weitz, Richard, “Storm Clouds Over Central Asia: Revival of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)?” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Cilt: 27, Sayı: 6, Kasım-Aralık 2004, ss. 465-490.
- Williams, Brian Glyn, “Jihad and Ethnicity in Post-Communist Eurasia: On the Trail of Transnational Islamic Holy Warriors in Kashmir, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Chechnya and Kosovo”, The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 3-4, Mart/Haziran 2003, ss. 3-24.
- Williams, Brian Glyn, “Talibanistan: History of Transnational Terrorist Sanctuary”, Civil Wars, Cilt: 10, Sayı:1, Mart 2008, ss. 40-59.
- Wright, Lawrence, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, New York: Vintage Books, 2006.
- Yastrzhembsky, Sergei, “International Terrorism and the Crisis in Chechnya: A Russian Perspective”, The National Interest, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 4 29 0cak 2003; http://www.inthenationalinterest.com/Articles/Vol2Issue4/Vol2Issue4Yastrzhembsky.html